AP World Unit 1 and 2

Global Tapestry and Networks of Trade from 1200-1450: Chapters 1-4 in AP World Textbook. This covers Chinese dynasties, the creation of Islam, the European Renaissance, state-building in the Americas, the Silk, Sand, and Sea Roads, States in Africa, and the Mongols.

legalism

Qin dynasty, humans naturally are evil, harsh government is necessary to keep order

bureaucracy

Han dynasty, government with function of specialization, following fixed rules, and hierarchy of authority

The Four Great Inventions of China

paper money, printing, gunpowder, magnetic compass

Grand Canal

Sui dynasty, 1200 mile long canal connecting the Yellow and Yangtze rivers

Golden Age

Song dynasty, arts and literature thrived

Neo-Confucianism

Song dynasty, effort to revive Confucianism while adding Daoist and Buddhist beliefs

Civil Service Exam

taken so educated men would be in office, only rich men passed

Champa rice

Song dynasty, strong Vietnamese strain of rice that let the population double

foot binding

Song dynasty, painful process for dainty feet, made women rely on their husbands

Xiongnu

nomadic horseback warriors from East Asian steppe

Great Wall of China

Ming dynasty, built over thousands of years to keep out nomadic invaders

tribute system

China required outsiders to prove support of China’s superiority with ritual practices

Kowtow

act of inferior to superior by touching head to ground

patriarchy growing in China

men took over silk industry, no politics, no education, foot binding

cause of air pollution in China

increased use of coal

economic revolution

Song dynasty, China became the richest and most populous country

Hangzhou

Song dynasty, city with over a million people

metallurgy uses

armor, arrowheads, coins, tools, bells

hangul

Korean alphabet

chu nom

variation of Chinese writing used in Vietnam

Chinese influence on Korea

homage missions, women oppressed by Confucian ideas, Chinese style exam for officials

Chinese influence on Vietnam

homage missions, women not oppressed, elite liked Chinese culture

Chinese influence on Japan

failed at forming a bureaucracy, women less oppressed, Samurai warriors/Bushido went against Chinese values of intellect, Chinese Buddhism affected some culture but didn’t change Japanese beliefs

Arab empire

Spain to Morocco to Northern India, centered in the Middle East, politically split 1200-1450 but Islam culture stayed in the Middle East

Turkic-speaking pastoralists

slave soldiers that took political power in the Middle East when Abbasid declined

Seljuk Turks

took title of “sultan”

Mongols

nomads who founded the Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

lasted a long time, took a lot of land (Middle East, Northern Africa, East Europe), diverse population, sophisticated culture

devshirme

Ottomans took Christian boys as a tax, educated them, made them soldiers, gave them power

Vijayangar

city in India, .5 million population, peaceful Hindu-Muslim relations

al-Andalus

Muslim Spain, religions mixed freely, prosperous agricultural economy, big capital Córdoba

fall of Muslim Spain

Catholic monarchs took over, Muslims forced to either convert or leave

Byzatine Empire

most sophisticated and powerful Christian Empire, former Roman empire

Bedouin

nomadic cultures living from camels and goats

Sassanid

former Persian empire

Mecca

birthplace of Islam, pilgrimage is fifth pillar

Kabaa

shrine in Mecca housing representations of deities

Muhammad

founder of Islam, successful trader

Qur’an

Holy Book of Islam, directly from Allah

jizya

taxed paid by people in Islam empires who didn’t convert to Islam

Sunni

majority of Muslims

Shia/Shi’ite

minority of Muslims, believed power should be passed by heredity

Islam trade

important to Islam, spread religion to Sub-Saharan Africa and East Africa (Ghana, Mali, Songhai Empire

Sufi missionaries

mystical Muslim group believing in dance and meditation, spread religion to India and southeast Asia

Islam conquest

spread religion to India and Iberian Peninsula (Spain)

Cantor

Islam colony in China

Sharia Law

religious ideas reflected in political laws in Islam-ruled areas

Reconquista

reconquest of Muslim Spain by Christian monarchs

syncretism

blend of religions and cultures

Sultanate of Delhi

Muslim minority ruling over Hindu majority

veiling and female seclusion

done by non-Arabs before Islam, then adopted by Muslims

Abbasid Caliphate

long-lasting Arab Dynasty, capital in Baghdad

Arab State

big empire including Egypt, Byzantine Empire, Persia, India, Mesopotamia

Baghdad

center of science, philosophy, culture, invention during Golden Age of Islam

Translation movement

Greek and Roman scholarly works translated into Arabic

Baghdad House of Wisdom

academic center for research and translation

algebra, disease research and diagnosis

developed by Arab scholars

dhimmi

“people of the book”, referred to Christians and Jews

caliphate

Islamic empire ruled by successors of Muhammad

umma

Muslimm community

ulama

Muslim religious scholars

Renaissance

rebirth of ancient Greek and Roman worlds (in Europe)

Renaissance origin

trade in Italy made it wealthy enough to develop art

Florence

Italian city-state, center of art, culture, and literature, wealthy from wool manufacturing, started banking

banking in Florence

center of banking, Medici family was important

Niccolo Machiavelli

author of The Prince, book about government, leaders should be feared not loved

highest level of Renaissance society

nobility—powerful, born into wealth, strict rules

middle level of Renaissance society

townspeople—wide range of wealth, provided goods and services

lowest level of Renaissance society

peasants—majority, live in rural areas, illiterate, least impacted by Renaissance

humanism

intellectual movement based on the classics (Rome and Greece) believing humans are the center of the universe, goal was to create well-rounded citizens, the humanities (poetry, grammar, history)

vernacular literature

written in common language, more accessible, increased literacy

Rome

became center of artistic Renaissance

Renaissance artists

Leonardo DaVinci, Raphael Santi, Michaelangelo

Gutenberg press

first printing press with movable type, increased literacy, Bibles spread Christianity

Shakespeare

Elizabethan era author

Mayans

Mesoamerican, city-states, relied on maize, declined for unknown reasons

Mexica/Aztecs

Mesoamerican, moved from Texas, established rule, human sacrifices, floating cities

chenampas

floating gardens used by Aztecs

Cahokia

Illinois, burial mounds, rigid social class, worshipped Sun, matrilineal

Mesa Verde

Colorado, cliffside dwellings

Incas

South American, Andes mountains, very violent, no writing, Cuzco with temple of the Sun

Mit’a system

used by Inca, forced those they conquered to work on state projects for a low salary

quipu

knotted cords that Incas used to record things

Silk Roads

exchange network connecting Mediterranean and East Asia, traded luxury goods like silk

caravanserai

inns along the Silk Roads for caravans to rest at

silk’s importance to different civilizations

currency in central Asia, symbol of high status in China and Byzantine empire

innovations improving animal travel

yokes, stirrups, saddles

Silk Roads’ affect on Buddhism

spread by monks and Indian traders, no longer rejected material values, picked up Zoroastrian fire rituals

Pure Land Buddhism

Chinese Buddhism not involving meditation

China’s harm to Buddhism

destroyed monasteries, took action against Buddhists

Korean changes from the Silk Roads

tribute missions to China, Chinese Buddhism, students sent to China

Japanese changes from the Silk Roads

Neo-Confucianism became official ideology, adopted Chinese writing system

Sea Roads

Indian Ocean trading network, sea transportation was cheaper and can carry more, spread religions and cultures

Srivijaya

empire that dominated trade because it had resources (gold, spices, and taxes on ships) to create the state, attract traders, and have military security, became center of Buddhism and used Indian politics

Angkor Wat

temple complex in Cambodia representing Mount Meru and its five peaks (important in Indian religions like Hinduism)

Zheng He

Chinese voyager that traveled to many locations on the Indian Ocean to get more involvement in the Chinese tribute system

monsoons

greater understanding of them increased commerce

Malay sailors

brought language and crops elsewhere

Straits of Malacca

route between India and China started by Malay sailors

Greater South Asian Sphere

areas outside of South Asia influenced by its culture