Biology Exam 1

All forms of life share common properties.

order, reproduction, growth and development, energy processing, response to the environment, regulation, evolutionary adaptation.

Biosphere

All environments on Earth that support life

Ecosystem

All the living (biotic) AND nonliving (abiotic) components of a particular environment

Community

All organisms living in a particular area

Population

An interacting group of individuals of ONE species

Organism

An indvidiual living entity (single or multi-cell organism)

Organ Systems

Groups of organs

Organs

Comprised of tissues, perform a function

Tissues

Group of similar cells for a similar function

Cells

Fundamental units of life

Emergent Property

A characteristic of a system that does not appear in any of the system's component parts

Prokaryotes

Cells that do not contain nuclei, smaller and less complex than eukaryotes

Eukaryotes

Cells that contain nuclei, generally larger and more complex

Organelles

Membrane enclosed structures that perform a specific function

Molecules

Cluster of small chemical units (atoms) that vary in size.

Atoms

Smallest unit of matter that retains properties of an element

Producers

Organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis

Consumers

An organism that obtains energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains (the producers).

Decomposers

Organisms that break down the dead remains of other organisms which is then recycled.

Evolution

Change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms. The unifying theory of biology.

All life forms are related and use

DNA and RNA

Genetic Code Is

Universal

DNA

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

Nucleotides

Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine).

Species

A group of indvidiuals that are morphologically similar and are able to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring

Hierarchial Classification

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (King Philip Came Over For Grape Soda)

Human Taxonomy

DOMAIN - Eukarya
KINGDOM - Animalia
PHYLUM - Chordata
CLASS - Mammalia
ORDER - Primates
FAMILY - Hominidae
GENUS - Homo
SPECIES - Homo sapiens

Three Domains

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Domain Archaea

One of the three domains of life; contains prokaryotic cells that often live in extreme habitats like thermal vents, hot springs, Extreme pH, and have unique genetic, biochemical, and physiological characteristics; its members are sometimes referred to as archaea. Thrive almost anywhere, microscopic, make up for it in number (amount)

Domain Bacteria

One of the three domains of life; contains prokaryotic cells that differ from archaea; Unicellular and lack a nucleus

Protists

NOT A KINGDOM

Fungi

A kingdom made up of nongreen, eukaryotic organisms that have no means of movement, reproduce by using spores, and get food by breaking down substances in their surroundings and absorbing the nutrients

Plantae

A kingdom made up of complex, multicellular organisms that are usually green, have cell walls made of cellulose, cannot move around, and use the sun's energy to make sugar by photosynthesis.

Animalia

A kingdom made up of complex, multicellular organisms that lack cell walls, can usually move around, and quickly respond to their environment.

Natural Selection

Change in the frequency of genetic traits in a population through differential survival and reproduction of individuals bearing those traits.

Electron

A subatomic particle that has a negative charge

Neutrons

the particles of the nucleus that have no charge

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

Protons

Positively charged particles

Radioactive Isotopes

decay spontaneously, giving off particles and energy but can damage living tissue

Electron Shell

An energy level representing the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom. Maximum is 2, 8, 8

Atomic Number

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Ionic Bonds

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Covalent Bonds

Bonds created by sharing outer-shell electrons.

Ion

An atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge from the gain or loss of an electron.

Molecule

Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

Non-polar Molecule

Molecule that shares electrons equally and does not have oppositely charged ends

Polar Molecule

molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, resulting in the molecule having a positive end and a negative end

Hydrogen Bonds

Very weak bonds; occurs when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to the electrostatic atom in another molecule

Chemical Reaction

Where reactants of 2 or more separate elements becomes a singular product.

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance to want to stick together.

Adhesion

The clinging of one substance to another.

Surface Tension

A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid.

Heat

The energy associated with the motion of particles in a substance.

Ice is less dense than \_____

Water

Solvent

A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances.

Solution

A homogeneous mixture of a liquid solvent and one or more dissolved solutes.

Solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

Hydroxide Ions

negative ions of (OH-); can be produced when bases are dissolved in solution

Hydrogen Ions

Positive Ions (H+)

A compound that RELEASES an H+ Ions in a solution is

An acid.

A compound that REMOVES an H+ Ions in a solution is

A base.

Neutral Solutions have both an equal amount of \_____ and \____ Ions

H+ and OH-

Acidic Solutions have more \____ than \____ Ions

H+ (Hydrogen Ions)

Basic Solutions have more \____ than \____ Ions

OH- (Hydroxide Ions)

Buffer

A solution that minimizes changes in pH. (I.E. our body/cells).

Acid Rain

Rain containing acids that form in the atmosphere when industrial gas emissions (especially sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) combine with water.

Acid Rain comes from pollutants like \_____ and \_____

Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxide

Carbonic Acid

H2CO3

Bicarbonate Ion

HCO3-

Carbonate Ions

CO3(2-)

Lactase

Enzyme that breaks down lactose and speed up digestion of the milk into sugars.

Many adult Americans are \_______ deficient

Lactase

Why are people of Northern European Descent deal with lactase deficiency much less often?

They were raised in an area where cattle were herded and physiologically adapted (other climates did not support cattle).

Organic Compounds

Compounds that contain at least one carbon atom.

A carbon atom can form \____ covalent bonds

Four

Hydrocarbons

Compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen, nonpolar

Carbon Skeleton

Chain of carbon in an organic molecule.

Carbon Skeletons can be \_______ or \______

Unbranched, Branched.

Isomers

Same molecular formulas, but have different structures and properties (I.E. C4H8).

Rings

Skeletons are arranged in \_____

Functional Groups

Groups of atoms attached to the carbon skeleton of organic molecules, usually participate in chemical reactions, and give organic molecules their particular properties.

Sex Hormones

Example of similar compounds with differing functional groups.

Hydroxyl Group

OH- group, hydrogen bonded to an oxygen

Carbonyl Group

C\=O Carbon linked by a double bond (the \=) to an oxygen atom

Carboxyl Group

-COOH Group, carbon double-bonded to an oxygen and single bonded to a Hydroxyl group.

Amino Group

-NH2 Nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen atoms and the carbon skeleton.

Phosphate Group

Phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms.

Polar, Hydrophobic (water-loving), soluble in water

All organic compounds in functional groups are \____ , \____, and \____

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids (large in size)

Macromolecules

Monomer

Small organic molecule.

Polymer

Chains of monomers that form large organic molecules.

Dehydration Reactions

Monomers are usually linked by \________________

Removed

In a dehydration reaction, a water molecule is \______

Hydrolysis

Polymers are broken down into Monomers by \________

Hydrolysis Reaction

A chemical reaction that breaks apart a larger molecule by adding a molecule of water.

Enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions.

Monosaccharides

Carbohydrate monomers (glucose, fructose)

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides.

Isomer

Compounds with the same formula but different structures.