APUSH U4 (Period 5)

10 percent plan

It was a reconstruction plan that decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the union when 10 percent of voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the United States and pledged to abide by emancipation. The next step would be erection of a state gov. and then purified regime. (Lincoln)

13th Amendment (1865)

Abolition of slavery w/o compensation for slave-owners

14th Amendment (1868)

Grants citizenship to "all persons born or naturalized in the US"; it forbids any state to deny any person "life, liberty or property, without due process of law" or to "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of its laws." Most important law ever passed besides original Constitution and Bill of Rights. It has been the vehicle for the expansion of civil rights, women's rights, gay rights among other movements. It also allowed for the "incorporation doctrine" which means the application of the national Bill of Rights to the states.

15th Amendment (1870)

U.S. cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or creed

Abolitionist

A person who wanted to end slavery

Appomattox Court House

Famous as the site of the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant

Battle of Gettysburg

Turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win. 50,000 people died, and the South lost its chance to invade the North.

Bear Flag Republic

nickname for California after it declared independence from Mexico in 1846

Bleeding Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

Border States

in the civil war the states between the north and the south: delaware, mayland, kentucky, and missouri

California Gold Rush

Mass migration to California following the discovery of gold in 1848

Carpetbaggers

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states

Civil Rights Bill of 1866

..., first congressional attempt to guarantee black rights in the south, passed over johnson's veto

Civil War Amendments

13th, 14th, and 15th amendments

Colfax Massacre

In 1837, armed whites assaulted the town of Colfax, Louisiana, with a small cannon, killing hundreds of former slaves and fifty black militia members after they surrendered.

Compromise of 1850

Includes California admitted as a free state, the Fugitive Slave Act, Made popular sovereignty in most other states from Mexican- American War

Confederacy

A loose union of independent states; name of government used by the southern states that seceded during the Civil War

Confederate States of America

A republic formed in February of 1861 and composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States

Conscience Whigs

Anti-slavery whigs who opposed both the Texas annexation and the Mexican War on moral grounds.

Copperheads

A group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War

Creole

Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.

Crittenden Amendments

Proposed in an attempt to appease the South, the failed Constitutional amendments would have given federal protection for slavery in all territories south of 36°30' where slavery was supported by popular sovereignty.

Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)

Ruled slaves were not citizens under the Constitution; struck down Missouri Compromise (Taney Court)

Election of 1860

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

Ex Parte Milligan

1866 - Supreme Court ruled that military trials of civilians were illegal unless the civil courts are inoperative or the region is under Marshall Law.

"Fifty-Four Forty or Fight"

slogan used in the 1844 presidential election as a call for us annexation of the Oregon territory

Fire-eaters

refers to a group of extremist pro-slavery politicians from the South who urged the separation of southern states into a new nation, which became known as the Confederate States of America.

Force Acts

Passed by Congress following a wave of Ku Klux Klan violence, the acts banned clan membership, prohibited the use of intimidation to prevent blacks from voting, and gave the U.S. military the authority to enforce the acts.

Fort Sumter

Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War

Free Soil Party

A political party dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery

Freedman's Bureau, 1865

Set up to help freedmen and white refugees after Civil War. Provided food, clothing, medical care, and education. First to establish schools for blacks to learn to read as thousands of teachers from the north came south to help. Lasted from 1865-72. Attacked by KKK and other southerners as "carpetbaggers" Encouraged former plantation owners to rebuild their plantations, urged freed Blacks to gain employment, kept an eye on contracts between labor and management, etc

Fugitive Slave Law

this law required that northern states forcibly returned escaped slaves to their owners.

Gadsden Purchase

Agreement w/ Mexico that gave the US parts of present-day New Mexico & Arizona in exchange for $10 million; all but completed the continental expansion envisioned by those who believed in Manifest Destiny.

Gettysburg Address

(1863) a speech given by Abraham Lincoln after the Battle of Gettysburg, in which he praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War; supported the ideals of self-government and human rights

Greenbacks

Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war (plural)

Harper's Ferry

John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged

Homestead Act

1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.

Lecompton Constitution (1857)

Proposed Kansas state constitution; protected the rights of slaveholders already in Kansas and provided referendum in which voters could vote for the "Constitution with Slavery" or the "Constitution with no Slavery"; supported by President Buchanan but rejected by the House of Representatives.

Liberty Party

A former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

Morrill Tariff Act

Increased duties back up to 1846 levels to raise revenue for the Civil War.

National Banking System

Network of member banks that could issue currency against purchased government bonds. Created during the Civil War to establish a stable national currency and stimulate the sale of war bonds.

Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

New York Draft Riots

July 1863 just after the Battle at Gettysburg. Mobs of Irish working-class men and women roamed the streets for four days until federal troops suppressed them. They loathed the idea of being drafted to fight a war on behalf of slaves who, once freed, would compete with them for jobs.

Nullification

A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional

Opium War

a conflict between Britain and China, lasting from 1839 to 1842, over Britain's opium trade in China

Ostend Manifesto (1854)

a statement by American envoys abroad to pressure Spain into selling Cuba to the United States; the declaration suggested that if Spain would not sell Cuba, the United States would be justified in seizing it. It was quickly repudiated by the U.S. government but it added to the belief that a "slave power" existed and was active in Washington.

Pacific Railway Act

1862 legislation to encourage the construction of a transcontinental railroad, connecting the West to industries in the Northeast (Union Pacific and Central Pacific RR)

The panic of 1857

Economic downturn caused by overspeculation of western lands, railroads, gold in California, grain. Mostly affected northerners, who called for higher tariffs and free homesteads

Popular Sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.

Positive Good Theory

Idea that slavery was not, actually a "necessary evil," but "a good-a positive good" thing for both blacks- whites get cheap manual labor and blacks benefit from the civilizing effect of being under the guidance of benevolent whites, and exposure to Christianity, said by John C. Calhoun

Radical Republicans

After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.

Reconstruction Act of 1867

This Act was passed by Congress which was vetoed by President Johnson. This Act invalidated the state govn'ts formed under the Lincoln & Johnson plans and all the legal decisions made by those govn'ts.

Redeemers

Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and aggressive assault on African Americans.

Seccession

the formal withdrawal of a state from the Union

Second Party System

The second party structure in the nation's history that emerged when Andrew Jackson first ran for the presidency in 1824. The system was built from the bottom up as political participation became a mass phenomenon.

Scalawags

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners

Seward's Folly

many criticized William Seward's purchase of Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars, calling it his folly.

Sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

states' rights

the rights and powers held by individual US states rather than by the federal government.

Tariff of 1842

Protective measure passed by Congressional Whigs, raising tariffs to pre-Compromise of 1833 rates.

Tariff of 1857

Lowered duties on imports in response to a high Treasury surplus and pressure from Southern farmers.

Tenure of Office Act (1867)

Radical attempt to further diminish Andrew Johnson's authority by providing that the president could not remove any civilian official without Senate approval; Johnson violated the law by removing Edwin Stanton as secretary of war, and the House of Representatives impeached him over his actions.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million

Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852)

Harriet Beecher Stowe's widely read novel that dramatized the horrors of slavery. It heightened Northern support for abolition and escalated the sectional conflict.

Underground Railroad

a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada

Union League

Reconstruction-Era African American organization that worked to educate Southern blacks about civic life, built black schools and churches, and represented African American interests before government and employers. It also campaigned on behalf of Republican candidates and recruited local militias to protect blacks from white intimidation.

Union Party

A coalition party of pro-war Democrats and Republicans formed during the 1864 election to defeat anti-war Northern Democrats.

Wade-Davis Bill

1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned.

West Virginia

Seceded from Virginia during the Civil War and became a state in 1863.

Wilmot Proviso

1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico

Woman's Loyal League

Women's organization formed to help bring about an end to the Civil War and encourage Congress to pass a constitutional amendment prohibiting slavery.

writ of habeas corpus

A court order requiring jailers to explain to a judge why they are holding a prisoner in custody.

Barton, Clara

a teacher by profession, Founder of American Red Cross. One of the 1st civilians to round up army supplies.

Booth, John Wilkes

Assassinated Abraham Lincoln. "Sic Semper Tyrannus" or "Thus always to Tyrants"

Brown, John

He was an American abolitionist who used violent actions to fight slavery. During 1856 in Kansas, he commanded forces at the Battle of Black Jack and the Battle of Osawatomie. His followers also killed five pro-slavery supporters at Pottawatomie.

Buchanan, James

He is considered one of the worst presidents. He supported the Lecompton Constitution in Kansas. The constitution established a pro-slavery state government even though most residents of Kansas opposed slavery. He also did nothing to prevent the southern states from seceding from the Union. He condemned it, but then allowed the South to prepare for war.

Crittenden, John Jordan

U.S. Senator from Kentucky who introduced a compromise in 1860 in an effort to avoid a civil war. Crittenden proposed to amend the constitution, prohibiting slavery in territories north of 36° 30' but expending federal protection to slavery in territories to the south.

Davis, Jefferson

Pres of Confederacy duing Civil War

Douglas, Stephen

served as a Senator from Illinois in the 1830s to 1860s. Most notably pushed Compromise of 1850 and Kansas-Nebraska act through congress

Fillmore, Millard

He opposed the proposal to keep slavery out of the territories annexed during the Mexican-American War in order to appease the South and so supported the Compromise of 1850, which he signed, including the Fugitive Slave Act, which was part of the Compromise.

Fremont, John C.

As a second lieutenant in the army he explored much of the area between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean with the help of Kit Carson. Before the outbreak of the Mexican War he worked to stir up American settlers in California to revolt against Mexico. He later was a U.S. senator and the Republican candidate for president in 1856.

Grant, Ulysses S.

Union general in the Civil War and U.S. president

Jackson, Thomas "Stonewall"

He was a Confederate general during the American Civil War, and one of the best-known Confederate commanders after General Robert E. Lee. He died at the Battle of Chancellorsville from a friendly-fire.

Kearny, Stephen Watts

Commander of the western armies of the United States in the Mexican War

Lee, Robert E.

Commander of the Confederate Army in the Civil War

Lincoln, Abraham

The 16th president of the United States, Lincoln preserved the Union during the U.S. Civil War and brought about the emancipation of slaves.

Perry, Matthew C. (1794-1858)

American Naval officer sent by Millard Fillmore to negotiate a trade deal with Japan. Backed by an impressive naval fleet, Perry showered Japanese negotiators with lavish gifts. Combining military bravado with diplomatic finesse, he negotiated the landmark Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854, ending Japan's two centuries of isolation.

Pierce, Franklin

He hastened the coming of the Civil War by signing the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854). This repealed the Missouri Compromise and reopened the issue of the expansion of slavery. He appeased the South by backing proslavery ruffians in "Bleeding Kansas. " He encouraged slavery expansionists who wanted Cuba. He made the Gasden Purchase to build a southern railroad.

Polk, James K.

U.S. president during the Mexican War and the 11th U.S. president

Scott, Dred

Slave in the United States who sued for his freedom

Stowe, Harriet Beecher

Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin and was involved in the women's rights movement

Sumner, Charles

Leading Republican who is caned in the Senate by Preston Brooks for speaking against Brooks's uncle.

Taney, Roger

He was chief justice of the supreme court who wrote an opinion in the 1857 Dred Scott case that declared the Missouri compromise unconstitutional. He participated in the Bank War by doing Jackson's bidding and placing federal money in pet banks.

Taylor, Zachary

He was a general that was a military leader in Mexican-American War and 12th president of the United States. He was sent by president Polk to lead the American Army against Mexico at Rio Grande, but was defeated.