Drug Use & Abuse FINAL EXAM

Tolerance may develop to some effects of a drug but not to others

true

Which of the following accurately describes the influence that age has on drug effects?

children and the elderly are more susceptible to a drug's effects

Sensation-seeking is

a personality characteristic that is associated with more frequent and varied substance use

Some of the effects of alcohol are greater when blood alcohol level is rising than when blood alcohol level is declining. This is called ________ .

acute tolerance

The cell adaptation-homeostasis theory of drug tolerance is most helpful in explaining __________ tolerance.

protracted

Genetics influences _____

Initial sensitivity to drugs

metabolism of drugs

The _________ is a set of ethical guidelines established after WWII to prevent human rights abuse in biomedical research.

Nuremberg Code

If an individual needs to drink 6 beers in order to achieve the same effect that he/she used to experience with 3 beers, this is an example of ____ tolerance.

protracted

Which of the following is an example of what could become conditioned stimuli associated with substance use?

all of these

a syringe

a bar

a drinking buddy

Which of the following is thought to contribute to drug expectancies?

all of these

past use of a drug

advertising

friends' use of a drug

As a result of classical conditioning, previously neutral stimuli that have been paired with drug use may elicit _____.

the drug effects

&

the withdrawal effects of a drug

A __________ is a consequence of a behavior that increases the likelihood that it will occur in the future.

reinforcer

How long does the first step (initial synthesis and preclinical trials) in new drug development typically take?

1-3 years

When Jane was younger, she drank alcohol for the buzz. Today Jane usually drinks in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms. When Jane was younger ___________ was occurring and today _________ is occurring.

positive reinforcement ; negative reinforcement

When young men have less of a response to alcohol than other young men, _____

they are more likely to develop alcohol use disorder later in life

______ is a chemical that binds to the same receptors as cannabinoids do.

Anandamide

Which of the following statements describes the conclusions/recommendations of professional committee reports on the effects of marijuana?

a.) The most recent report published in 2017 recommends that cannabis should be available for recreational use in the US

b.) The most recent report published in 2017 describes barriers to research evaluating the effects of cannabis and cannabinoids.

c.) They have consistently warned about the multiple negative effects of marijuana use

d.) They have always clearly stated there are no negative effects of marijuana use

The most recent report published in 2017 describes barriers to research evaluating the effects of cannabis and cannabinoids.

T/F: Regular marijuana results in a stronger high than synthetic marijuana.

FALSE

T/F: Cannabis use is associated with development of psychotic disorders (including schizophrenia) later in life.

TRUE

Which of the following is FALSE?

a.) Legalization is still highly controversial, although public support has gradually increased in recent years.

b.) routes of administration for cannabis include smoking, inhaling vaporized THC, eating foods containing THC, and taking medication that has THC

c.) all forms of cannabis have similar amounts of THC

all forms of cannabis have similar amounts of THC

Which of the following is FALSE?

a.) cannabis exerts a longer action on receptors than endocannabinoids XX

b.) endocannabinoids are retrograde neurotransmitters XX

c.) retrograde neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron as a way to regulate the extent to which neurotransmitters affect the post-synaptic neuron

d.) THC actually can prevent the release of neurotransmitters XX

retrograde neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron as a way to regulate the extent to which neurotransmitters affect the post-synaptic neuron

The acute effects of cannabis include effects on the _______.

cardiovascular system

short term memory

immune system

reproductive system

______ are the receptors primarily found in the brain to which the cannabinoids bind.

CB1

T/F: Cannabis was used as a general all purpose medicine in the 1800s.

TRUE

What is true regarding cannabis and amotivational syndrome?

some regular users of cannabis display symptoms of amotivational syndrome that may or may not be caused by cannabis use

NIDA's 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health revealed that about __________ of Americans have used marijuana at least once in the past year (past year prevalence).

14%

T/F: The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids report by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2017) indicates there is substantial research support using cannabis to treat multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and chronic pain.

FALSE

____ are active ingredients in cannabis.

THC, Cannabidiol, Cannabinol

What is TRUE of the effects of cannabis?

has some sedative effects

reduces pain

time seems to pass more slowly

has some stimulant effects

impairs STM

T/F: Cannabis does not result in hallucinations, even at high doses.

FALSE

Are retrograde neurotransmitters released from presynaptic neurons or postsynaptic neurons?

released from postsynaptic neurons to effect presynaptic release NT (inhibit release of NT from presynaptic neuron)

The active chemical in hallucinogenic mushrooms is ______ ; the active chemical in peyote is ________.

psilocybin; mescaline

What is NOT a general dissociative anesthetic?

a.) Mescaline

b.) DXM

c.) Ketamine

d.) PCP

Mescaline

What drug would be most likely to produce changes/distortions in perception of one's body?

ketamine

________ is derived from a plant in the sage family and is considered to be the most potent of any naturally-occurring hallucinogens.

Salvia

Atropine and scopolomine are ______ for _________.

antagonists; acetylcholine

What is/are true regarding hallucinogens?

- the category might be better named altered states of consciousness

- activate the sympathetic nervous system

- have the general effect of emphasizing sensation over logic and rational thought

What is NOT a common effect of LSD?

auditory hallucinations

What is TRUE regarding MDMA (Ecstasy)?

- it is a neurotoxin for some serotonin neurons

- the effects include a sense of warmth and empathy for others

- seizures and strokes have occurred with overdose

A sudden reoccurrence of a hallucinogenic experience is a(n) __________.

flashback

Synesthesia

is perceiving a stimulus via a different sensory modality than the sense in which it is biologically processed.

Which of the following is/are serotonergic hallucinogens?

LSD

psilocybin

mescaline

What are some general dissociative anesthetics?

DXM

Ketamine

PCP

What are some common effects of LSD?

pupil dilation

visual hallucinations

sympathomimetic effects

What is FALSE regarding MDMA (Ecstasy)?

a single use generally produces vivid visual hallucinations

NIDA's 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health revealed that about __________ of Americans have used marijuana at least once (lifetime use).

44%

T/F: Synthetic marijuana results in a stronger high than regular marijuana.

TRUE

Hearing colors and seeing sounds are examples of:

synethesia

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the conclusions/recommendations of The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids report by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2017)?

a.) The report recommends that cannabis should be available for recreational use.

b.) It concluded that research indicates cannabis is helpful for those with multiple sclerosis, chronic pain, and nausea from chemotherapy. XX

c.) The report recommends that cannabis should be available for medical use

d.) The report describes limitations in research evaluating the effects of cannabis and cannabinoids.

The report recommends that cannabis should be available for recreational use.

The ASAM criteria:

a.) are limited because they do not include anything about psychological problems other than substance use problems

b.) are 6 dimensions of information that are important to assess when planning treatment

c.) include withdrawal potential, but not anything about their recovery environment

d.) are used at the end of treatment to make discharge plans to help prevent relapse

are 6 dimensions of information that are important to assess when planning treatment

The advantage of using _____ for the treatment of opioid use disorder is that if someone takes it other than as directed, they will put themselves into opioid withdrawal.

Suboxone

T/F: Harm reduction interventions condone substance use and really do not have any research support for them.

FALSE

According to the Transtheoretical Stages of Change model, individuals who do not believe they are able to change...

are in the precontemplation stage

T/F: The best way to approach treatment for someone who has a substance use disorder and a non-AOD psychological disorder is for the person to go to a substance use treatment expert for the substance use disorder and a different expert for the non-AOD related disorder.

TRUE

True/False: All self-help groups are modeled after AA and its steps

TRUE

_________ is a self-help group that does NOT include any spirituality component that helps people look at their motives for use, and their beliefs, emotions, and behavior.

SMART

Which of the following is FALSE about treatment for a substance use disorder?

a.) Abstinence from all substances is always required

b.) It is important that the client find another way to get the reinforcement that they used to get from their substance

c.) more people change on their own than with the help of professional treatment

d.) some but not all clients will need detoxification

Abstinence from all substances is always required

Which of the following is true?

a.) Some treatments are actually based on the 12 steps

b.) Any client with a substance use disorder should be required to attend an AA or other 12-step meeting as part of their treatment

c.) working the 12 steps involves making amends to everyone someone has wronged as a result of their substance use

d.) Family therapy is rarely included in treatment for a substance use disorder

Any client with a substance use disorder should be required to attend an AA or other 12-step meeting as part of their treatment

CRAFT...

for loved ones of one with alcohol or other drug dependence

1.Improve the quality of life independent of other's use

2.Make sobriety more attractive to loved one than using - change consequences

includes teaching a concerned significant other to reinforce abstinence behaviors and not reinforce using behaviors

True/False: Most people who get treatment for substance use disorder go to inpatient treatment.

FALSE

Motivational enhancement is basically:

using motivational speaking strategies to increase someone's motivation to change

What is typically the first step in the substance use treatment process?

assessment

All of the following EXCEPT ___ are used in the treatment of alcohol use disorder.

Campral

buprenorphine

Librium

Naltrexone

buprenorphine

T/F: Regularly attending self-help groups is associated with higher rates of abstinence.

TRUE

Which of the following is FALSE?

a.) An AA meeting is led by a licensed or certified therapist

b.) A person works the steps with the guidance/support of a sponser

c.) When people first start attending AA, they are encouraged to attend 90 meetings in their first 90 days

An AA meeting is led by a licensed or certified therapist

Which of the following is NOT true of A.A.?

a.) There are 12 steps

b.) People work the steps by themselves

c.) Part of working the steps involves sharing an honest self-evaluation with someone else.

d.) Bill W. and Dr. Bob are the founders of AA

People work the steps by themselves

T/F: Treatment outcome for substance use disorder is better if people stay in treatment for at least 6 months.

TRUE

T/F: Treatment of substance use disorders should always help people develop supportive social relationships.

TRUE

T/F: Treatment for substance use disorders always includes medication.

FALSE

Which of the following influence treatment settings and services?

a.) Non-AOD psychological problems

b.) finances

c.) all of the choices

d.) medical problems

ALL

T/F: In helping people think about changing, it is helpful to have the person explore both the reasons to change and the reasons to not change.

TRUE

T/F: Moderation in drinking is usually an appropriate treatment goal for those with an alcohol use disorder considered severe.

FALSE

Which of the following is FALSE regarding substance use treatment:

a.) can intervene with biological factors, psychological factors, and/or social factors

b.) can include individual therapy, group therapy, and family therapy

c.) may encourage self-help involvement or be based on the 12 steps

d.) frequently has moderation in use as a treatment goal for severe substance use disorders

frequently has moderation in use as a treatment goal for severe substance use disorders

True/False: More people go to outpatient treatment than inpatient treatment for substance use disorders.

TRUE

There are specific medications to treat the withdrawal from

alcohol, benzodiazepines, and opioids

Which of the following is/are related to more effective substance use treatment?

a.) a good relationship between the treatment provider and the client

b.) attending self-help meetings on a regular basis

c.) staying in treatment for at least 6 months

d.) ALL

e.) NONE

ALL

True/False: Treatment of substance use disorders should always help people find an alternative way to get the reinforcement they got from their substance use and develop supportive social relationships.

TRUE

The experiential activity asked you to

a.) identify a behavior to change

b.) rate how difficult it would be to change

c.) describe how changing would affect your relationships

d.) all of the other choices

ALL

ASAM criteria:

- are 6 dimensions of information that are important to assess when planning treatment

- include the likelihood of a client experiencing withdrawal symptoms

- include the extent to which a client is accepting or resistant to treatment

respiratory system

alteration of proper functioning; however, much of this impairment is reversed following abstinence of marijuana

cardiovascular system

no evidence that deleterious effects occur among healthy individuals; however, potentially dangerous for existing problems

immune system

no significant long-term threat posed; however marijuana can decrease resistance to some viruses and bacteria

reproductive system

disruption of functioning in both males and females, as well as possible teratogenic effects

apothecary

term for a pharmacist

tea-pad

place where people gathered to smoke marijuana

joint

hand-rolled marijuana cigarette

bong

method of smoking marijuana using water pipes

blunt

cigar that is emptied of tobacco and refilled with marijuana

vaping

method of consumption where active ingredients of marijuana are aerosolized with water mist and inhaled

dabbing

new form of consumption that involves heating concentrated forms of marijuana and inhaling the fumes

cannabinoinds

collection of more than 60 chemical compounds present in marijuana

delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

principal active chemical in marijuana responsible for the psychoactive effects

hash oil

potent distillate of marijuana

amotivational syndorme

loss of effectiveness and reduced capacity to accomplish goals due to chronic marijuana use

trip

altered perception that results in mode labile and bizarre cognitive experiences

bad trip

terrifying vision that causes an individual to behave in a psychotic manner

acute panic

paranoid reaction to the drug that leaves individuals in a psychotic state

serotonergic hallucinogen

class of drugs has common action of influencing chemical transmission in the brain

mescaline

drug similar to lysergic acid diethylamide found in the peyote cactus

psilocybin

drug similar to lysergic acid diethylamide found in mushrooms