APHG Semester 1 Final

Should have everything on the study guide

5 themes of geography

Location, Place, Movement, Regions, Human-Environment Interaction

Location

A fixed point on Earth's surface. There are 2 types of location: Relative and Absolute

Absolute Location

Unchanging Locations based on Mathematical Coordinates (Latitude and Longitude)

Relative Location

the location of a place in relation to another place (Can Change)

Place

A place exists when we assign meaning to a space

Space

An area/realm in which all activities occur. Gives rise to spatial perspective

Spatial Perspective

Observations of how space is used

Movement

The diffusion of an Idea, Person, Place, or Thing from one place to another

2 types of diffusion

relocation and expansion: (hierarchical, contagious, stimulus)

relocation diffusion

The spread of an Idea, Person, Place, or Thing because of people picking up and moving

Expansive Diffusion

The Process of spreading something from one place to another in an ever-expanding "snowballing" process. The three most common types of expansive diffusion are contagious, hierarchical, and stimulus.

Contagious Diffusion

Something that spreads evenly from its hearth and affects everything in its path. Ex. The Plague, Covid, and Islam

Hierarchical Diffusion

A trait that diffuses to populations that have characteristics that make the population ready to accept what is diffused. Ex. Fashion Trends, Jazz, Grunge, Hip Hop, and HIV

Stimulus Diffusion

A trait that diffuses to a specific area but must change in some way before it is accepted. Ex. McDonald's Menu in India compared to McDonald's menu in America

Region

An Area unified by similar, unique characteristics

3 types of regions

Formal, functional, vernacular (perceptual)

Perceptual/Vernacular region

A region with no clear boundaries and is defined by the people that reside in said region. Ex. Midwest, Bible Belt

Functional Region

Based around a specific node or activity but does have boundaries. Ex. Delivery Range, Network T.V., Radio

Formal Region

An area that has boundaries and has two or more unique, unifying characteristics. Ex. Wisconsin, Great Lakes, U.S., Time Zones

Human Environment Interaction

The environment offers humans unique advantages/challenges and Humans respond via their decision making. Ex. Shoes, Paved Roads

Cartography

The science or art of making maps

Scale

the mathematical relationship between the size of an area on a map and the actual size of the mapped area. Also known as the "Visibility of available features." 2 classifications (Large and Small scale). Different than Scale of Analysis

Large Scale

A map zoomed in on a specific area to show great detail

Small Scale

A map zoomed out to show a lot of areas, but shows little detail besides boundaries/borders

Scale of Analysis

A scale that determines what is being studied based on the size of the area being examined. There are 4 types (Global Regional, National, and Local)

Global Scale of Analysis

A map of the whole world. Rare to see because it is rare to see a phenomenon experienced by the whole world

Regional Scale of Analysis

A map of a specific area of the world. Ex. Asia, Middle East.

National Scale of Analysis

A map of a specific country. Ex. America, Canada

Local Scale of Analysis

A map of a state city, county. When using, reference the degree of local.

Reference Maps

A map that shows General Information/ Navigation/ Location. There are 3 types (Political, Physical, and Road)

Political Map

A map showing units such as countries, states, provinces, districts, etc.

Physical Map

A map that shows Natural features like mountains, hills, plains, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc.

Road Map

A map that shows major highways, airports, cities, railroad tracks, and local points of interest.

Thematic Maps

A map that communicates information about a place or its spatial aspects. There are 6 types (Choropleth, Dot Density, Proportional Symbol, Cartogram, Isoline, Topograph)

Choropleth Map

A thematic map that uses shades/patterns/colors to show spatial data and location

Dot-Density Map

A thematic map that uses dots to represent the frequency of a variable in a given area

Proportional Symbol Map

a thematic map in which the size of a symbol varies in proportion to the frequency or intensity of the mapped variable. (Similar to Dot Density but uses a symbol instead of Dots)

Cartogram Map

A thematic map in which the shape or size of a feature is distorted in order to demonstrate a variable. Ex. travel, population or economic production

Isoline Map

A thematic map with lines that connect points of equal value. Ex. Weather or Elevation

topographic map

A thematic map that shows elevation through lines/distance/texture

Flow Map

A map that highlights the diffusion of a quantifiable entity. Shows two variables: Location and Volume. Arrows usually show direction, width shows quantity.

Patterns

Indication that two or more phenomena may be related

Two types of Spatial Patterns

Clustering and Dispersal

Clustering

Items close together. Often referred to as Density (The Number of Something)

Dispersal

Items spread out or far apart over an area

Map Projections

When a map maker shows a curved surface on a flat surface (Making Maps on paper and taking info from a globe). When making a map projection, map makers are often selective in what they portray, and different projections are for different reasons. They Distort spatial relationships in shape, area, distance, and direction. (S.A.D.D.)

The 6 types of Map Projections

Mercator, Peters Equal Area, Robinson, Conic, Azimuthal, and Fuller

Mercator Projection

a projection of a map of the world onto a cylinder in such a way that all the parallels of latitude have the same length as the equator, used especially for marine charts, navigation, and certain climatological maps.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Mercator Projections

Advantages: Direction, shape, and preserves right angles of Lat and Longitude
Disadvantages: Area distorted near the poles, increases the size of high latitude areas

Peters Equal Area Projection

Areas of equal size on the globe are also equally sized on the map, but shapes get distorted in the process. Fights injustices about geography

Advantages and disadvantages of Peters equal area projection

Advantages: Area of landmasses are accurate, repositions many countries to correct size
Disadvantages: Inaccurate shapes, vertically stretched near the equator

Robinson Projection

Projection that attempts to balance several possible projection errors. A compromise to arguers from both sides

Advantages and disadvantages of the Robinson Projection

Advantages: No Major Distortions
Disadvantages: All aspects are slightly distorted

conic projection

a map created by projecting an image of Earth onto a cone placed over part of an Earth model, usually only part of the globe. (Polar Projection)

Azimuthal Projection

a map projection that is made by moving the surface features of the entire globe onto a plane.

Fuller Projection

A type of map projection that maintains the accurate size and shape of landmasses but completely rearranges direction such that the four cardinal directions--north, south, east, and west--no longer have any meaning. Often looks non-uniform or cutout of a book.

Geospatial Technologies

Technology that provides geographic data that is used for personal (navigation), business (marketing), governmental (environmental planning) purposes, and Organizations (outreach). There are 3 main types: GIS, GPS, and Remote Sensing.

GIS

Geographic Information System, A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data from multiple maps. Uses physical and Thematic Layers and is used for multiple reasons such as Crime data, pollution, and Urban Planning.

GPS

Global Positioning System; uses a system of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers to determine precise absolute locations on earth. Often used for navigation: Google maps, Waze

Remote Sensing

The use of cameras or other sensors mounted on aircraft or satellites that orbit Earth to collect digital images of the earth's surface. Used for monitoring environmental changes and Weather (Hurricane pictures)

Site

The physical character of place; what is found at the location and why it is significant. Often has exact coordinates (GPS)

situation

The location of a place relative to other places; valuable to indicate location: finding an unfamiliar place and understanding its importance by comparing location with familiar one and learning their accessibility to other places

Site vs. Situation

Site refers to the physical and cultural features of a place, independent of other places around it. Situation describes a place's relationship to other places around it.

Milkshed

A ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling, changes with space-time compression, technology, and delivery efficiency. Example of a functional region

Culture

Learned, shared behaviors. Culture is learned, universal, unique, integrative, dynamic, and symbolic. Language is the most unifying aspect of culture

Culture: Learned

Culture is not inherited, or instinctive.

Culture: Universal

Every human has a culture

Culture: Unique

No two cultures are exactly the same

Culture: Integrative

A change in one trait influences another trait

Culture: Dynamic

Culture is never static, some change faster than others

Culture: Symbolic

Culture is passed on through generations

Culture Traits

Tangible and Intangible characteristics that are important to a culture group. (Artifacts, Sociofacts, and Mentifacts)

Artifacts

Visual, Physical objects made by man. Ex. House, Clothing, Toys, Tools, and Furniture

Sociofacts

The ways in which a society behaves and organizes institutions. Ex. Family, school, government, religion, land use, and gender roles. (Can overlap with mentifacts)

Mentifacts

The ideas, beliefs, values, and knowledge of a culture. Ex. Religious beliefs, language, Food preference, norms, and taboos

Taboos

Behaviors heavily discouraged by a culture, which can change between a culture. Ex. Food restrictions, teen pregnancy, teen marriage, shoes in the house, and 13th floor in buildings

Environmental Determinism

A doctrine that claims that cultural traits are formed and controlled by environmental conditions. The main features of environmental determinism in human geography are climatic, ecological, and geographical factors, which influence human economic, cultural and societal development.

Neocolonialism

Economic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one for economic, political, and/or territorial gain. The weaker states will use mercantilism towards the mother country.

Possibilism

The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives. This directly disproves Environmental Determinism

Barriers to Diffusion

things that slow or stop the spread of an idea, innovation, people, or other things. Ex. Historically: Large, treacherous spaces such as oceans, Modern: religious control etc. Changes with space-time diffusion

core countries

In these countries goods are produced using technologically complex methods, wages are high, and the labor force is relatively educated and skilled. Quite often on the good side of Brain Drain. Ex. U.S., Japan, England

Brain Drain

the emigration of highly trained or intelligent people from a particular country. Ex. Doctors from India coming to America

semi-periphery countries

the industrializing, mostly capitalist countries which are positioned between the periphery and core countries. Often provides services for core countries. Ex. Chile, Brazil, India, China, and Indonesia.

periphery countries

the least developed and least powerful nations; often exploited by the core countries as sources of raw materials, cheap labor, and markets. Ex. Sub-Saharan Africa

Globalization

The expansion of economic, political, and cultural processes to the point that they become global in scale and impact. The processes of globalization transcend state boundaries and have outcomes that vary across places and scales. Ex. Modern Tech like phones, rapid transportation like trains

Industry

A collection of businesses with a common line of products or services.

Distance Decay

The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin. The likelihood of interaction decreases as you get farther away from a certain point.

Time-Space Compression

the rapid innovation of communication and transportation technologies associated with globalization (connecting people together) that transforms the way people think about space and time. Ex. Internet, social media

UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea)

An international agreement or treaty which establishes a regulatory framework and guidelines for using the world's oceans and seas for conserving marine resources and to ensure the preservation and protection of all the living beings of the sea. Not only does it speak about maritime borders, but it also establishes that a countries borders extend into the sky as well as through the ground. Often disputed over due to countries "Economic Zones" and where their coastline actually is (Arctic Dispute)

Territorial Waters

The area of sea around a country's coast recognized as being under that country's jurisdiction. It runs from 0-12 nautical miles from a country's baseline and the countries have full, soverign rule over the water. Countries must allow "right of innocent passage" through these waters

Contiguous Waters

The area of sea 12-24 nautical miles from a countries baseline in which a country can impose its laws on customs, taxes, immigration and sanitation. They still can punish violators of these rules but have limited authority over the waters themselves.

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

the seazone extending 200 nautical miles from the coast over which a state has special rights as to the exploration and use of marine resources. Within a countries EEZ, they have the right to all resources presiding in the water. Some states with wide coastal shelves can claim up to 350 nautical miles worth of an EEZ.

High Seas

Areas of seas considered beyond territorial waters and are excluded from sovereign claims.

The Modern-State Idea

The idea comes from the 1648 Treaty of West Phalia (Europe), and it says that territories should be sovereign and controlled by different governments. It is spread through the practices of Mercantilism and Colonialism.

Nation

A group of people with a shared past and common goals for the future.

Nation-State

When a nation has its own sovereign land. Often leads to less ethnic tensions due to most people having a common identity. An example of a nation-state is Japan. Historically present but can be seen today in countries with strict immigration laws

Multinational State

A state with more than one nation inside its borders which has a dominant ethnic majority, and ethnic minorities present. Ex. Yugoslavia

Multistate Nation

A nation that spreads from a central state to other states. Ex. The Jews

Stateless Nation

A nation without sovereign territory. Ex. Palestine or the Kurds

State

when spelled like this: state; Country when spelled like this: State; internal like Michigan or Wisconsin.