Behavioral neuro exam 1

The idea that minds are one type of substance and matter is another is called

dualism

Which field of research uses scans of brain anatomy or activity to analyze people’s knowledge, thinking, and problem solving?

cognitive neuroscience

When you touch something, where does the conscious perception occur?

In the brain

The two basic kinds of cells in the nervous system are

neurons and glia

Korsakoff's syndrome

is marked by severe memory impairments

What type of glial cells myelinate axons in the brain and spinal cord

oligodendrocytes

The tree-like branches of a neuron that receive information from other neurons are called

dendrites

When a neuron’s membrane is at rest, the concentration gradient tends to move
sodium ____ the cell and the electrical gradient tends to move it ____ the cell.

into; into

The resting potential is advantageous because _____

the cell is ready to produce an action potential quickly following a stimulus

The net effect of each cycle of the sodium-potassium pump is to ____

decrease the number of positively charged ions within the cell

Gaps in the insulating material that surrounds axons are known as ____

nodes of Ranvier

When a neuron’s membrane is at rest, the concentration gradient tends to move
potassium ____ the cell and the electrical gradient tends to move it ____ the cell

out of; into

Why is the speed of conduction through a reflex arc slower than the speed of
conduction of an action potential along an axon?

Transmission between neurons at synapses is slower than along axons

A normal, healthy animal never contracts the flexor muscles and the extensor
muscles of the same leg at the same time. Why not?

When the interneuron sends excitatory messages to one, inhibitory messages go
to the other.

What is the primary difference between temporal summation and spatial
summation?

Spatial summation depends on contributions from more than one sensory
neuron

After one frog’s heart has been stimulated, an extract of fluid from that heart can
make a second frog’s heart beat faster. What conclusion did Otto Loewi draw from
these results?

transmission at synapses is a chemical event

The effect of a neurotransmitter on a postsynaptic neuron is determined by the

receptors on the postsynaptic membrane

An important difference between ionotropic and metabotropic effects is that _____

metabotropic effects are slower and longer lasting

A hormone is a chemical that is ____

conveyed by the blood to other organs, whose activity it influences

Module 1.1: biological approach to behavior

what is biological psych

study of physiological, evolutionary, and devleopmental mechanisms of behavior and experience

perception occurs where

in the brain

brain activity is …. from mental activity

inseperable

monoism

minds are one type of substance and matter is another

dualism

ontogenetic explanation

describes how something develops

4 types of explanations of behavior

physiological (relates behavior to brain and other organ activity)

ontogenetic (describes development)

evolutionary (relates to species changes, how did capcity of behavior evolve)

functional (concerns the purpose of behavior)

career oppotrunties

research usually required phd

practioner fields require masters, psyd, phd

medical field (MD)

allied health (masters)

neuroethics: why do we study animals

mechanisms are easier to study in non humans

they are interested in animal behavior for its own sake,
because they want to understand the evolution of
behavior, and because certain kinds of research are impossible on humans

ethical issues in human research

being sure that informed consent is truly voluntary

getting a diverse sample of ppl for research on medications

three r’s in animals researchethics

Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement

finding alternatives to animal experiments (Replacement),

using fewer animals when necessary (Reduction),

improving animal welfare and minimizing suffering (Refinement)

minimalist

wishes to limit animal research to studies
with little discomfort and much potential value.

abolitionist

wishes to eliminate all animal research regard-
less of how the animals are treated or how much value
the research might produce

module 1.2 Neurons and other cells

everything the brain does depends on anat-
omy of its neurons and glia.

Our behavior emerges from the communication
among neurons

dendrites-soma-axons

….. recieve info and convey it to other cells

neurons

all neurons have 3 things:

soma (cell body)

dendrites

axon

presynaptic terminals

motor neuron - where and how does it recieve excitation

soma in spinal cord

recieves excitation through its dendrites

conducts impulses along axon to a muscle

sensory neuron

specialized at one end to be highly sensitive to touch/ other stimuli

dendrites

branch-like structures that receive signals from other neurons and transmit them to the soma.

lined w synaptic receptors

cell body (soma)

nucleus

ribsomes

mitochrondria

axon

the long, slender projection of a neuron that conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body and transmits signals to other neurons or muscle cells.

axons are covered in what

myelin sheath

insulating material

increases signal transmission speed.

nodes of raniver

gaps in the myelin sheath that facilitate rapid signal transmission along the axon.

presynaptic terminal

at the end of each dendrite branch

a swelling, or bulb that transmits signals

afferent axon

birngs info in

efferent axon

carries info away (e=exit)

Every sensory neuron is an ……. to the nervous system, and every motor neuron is an …… from the nervous system

afferent

inferent

glia

supporting cells of the nervous system that provide insulation, nutrients, and structural support.

glueeee

Difference in electrical charge between inside and outside of neuron

Resting potential (about –70 mV, inside is more negative).

Concentration Gradient pushes sodium ?? and potassium ??

sodium in

postassium out because

• More Na⁺ outside than inside → Na⁺ wants to move into the cell.

• More K⁺ inside than outside → K⁺ wants to move out of the cell.