Social Interaction and Organization

Observational Research

Study of interactions in public settings.

Social Interaction

Communication between individuals face-to-face or online.

Social Status

Recognized position within a social hierarchy.

Role

Expected behaviors associated with a social status.

Norm

Accepted standards for behavior in society.

Role Conflict

Conflicting demands from multiple social statuses.

Role Strain

Incompatible demands within a single social status.

Emotion Management

Regulating feelings according to social norms.

Feeling Rules

Culturally defined guidelines for emotional expression.

Emotion Labor

Paid management of emotions in professional settings.

Service Industry

Sector requiring substantial emotional labor from workers.

Cultural Differences

Variations in emotional expression across societies.

Arlie Hochschild

Sociologist known for work on emotions and socialization.

Emotional Norms

Socially accepted ways to express feelings.

Role Compartmentalization

Separating different roles to manage conflicting demands.

COVID-19 Impact

Effects of the pandemic on family roles and emotions.

Social Exchange Theory

Relationships endure based on perceived mutual benefits.

Unequal Payoffs

Disparities in benefits leading to social conflict.

Emotional Scripts

Predefined responses to emotional situations.

Nursing Emotional Labor

Emotional management in healthcare professions.

Fast-Paced Work Environment

Modern workplaces demanding quick, efficient emotional responses.

Gendered Emotion Norms

Different expectations for emotional expression by gender.

Selfishness

Not the only basis for social interaction.

Learned Norms

Social behaviors based on societal expectations.

Altruism

Selfless concern for the well-being of others.

Erving Goffman

Key figure in Symbolic Interaction Theory.

Dramaturgical Approach

Social interaction as theatrical performances.

Front Stage

Public performances to gain audience approval.

Back Stage

Private interactions, can also be performances.

Impression Management

Techniques to maintain desired social impressions.

Expressions Given

Intentional communication during social interactions.

Expressions Given Off

Unintentional signals about feelings or attitudes.

Role Distancing

Presenting a role as not one's true self.

Status Cues

Visual indicators of a person's social position.

Stereotypes

Rigid views of group behaviors, often inaccurate.

Norms of Solidarity

Expectations for conformity within social groups.

Structures of Authority

Hierarchical systems that enforce obedience.

Bureaucracies

Large organizations with defined hierarchical positions.

Obedience to Authority

Compliance with directives from higher-ups.

Separation from Negative Effects

Increased obedience when consequences are distanced.

Nonverbal Communication

Conveying messages without spoken words.

Manipulation of Space

Use of physical proximity in communication.

Social Context of Language

Meaning of words varies by cultural settings.

Performance Teams

Groups collaborating to create a social impression.

Weber

Sociologist known for rationalization theory.

Iron Cage of Bureaucracy

Metaphor for bureaucratic constraints on freedom.

Social Network

Units linked by material or emotional exchanges.

Social Support

Resources providing emotional or instrumental aid.

Social Integration

Connection through marital status and associations.

Ego-Networks

Personal network of a respondent's relationships.

Mark Granovetter

Sociologist known for 'strength of weak ties'.

Weak Ties

Connections that are diverse and abundant.

Job Finding

Process influenced by weak ties in networks.

Suicide Contagion

Spread of suicidal thoughts through social networks.

Social Groups

Networks of people sharing norms and roles.

Social Category

People sharing status without regular interaction.

Group Conformity

Pressure to align with group opinions.

Asch Experiment

Study demonstrating conformity under group pressure.

Groupthink

Consensus-seeking behavior leading to poor decisions.

Reference Group

Standard for evaluating self and behaviors.

Primary Group

Close-knit group with strong emotional ties.

Secondary Group

Larger, impersonal group with weaker ties.

Formal Organization

Secondary group aimed at achieving specific goals.

Bureaucracy

Efficient secondary group with hierarchical structure.

Organizational Constraints

Limitations imposed by social collectivities.

Social Collectivities

Groups that influence conformity and obedience.

Resistance to Constraints

Ability to challenge and leave social groups.