Horticulture Test 4

losing chill units

the top shows that the plant is

neither gaining nor losing chill units

the second-from-top shows that the plant is

gaining chill units at less than one unit per hour

the middle shows that the plant is

gaining chill units at a rate of one unit per hour

the second-from bottom shows that the plant is

neither gaining nor losing chill units

the bottom shows that the plant is

after the first frost

a plant with true dormancy, like apple or maple, is fully cold hardy

cold, but not freezing

a plant that goes into ‘rest’, like citrus trees, slowly builds hardiness after _ temperatures

copyright

a _ protects photos, text, and other items that might be used on a company’s website or in a printed catalog or ad

trademark

a _ protects a brand name

patent

a _ gives the owner an absolute right to the grow the plant. No one else can grow it without being licensed by the owner

trademarks

in Dr. Manners’ opinion, _ are being grossly misused in the U.S. rose industry, and will surely lead to identification problems in the future

Patents

_ last twenty years, then end with no renewal

Abraham Lincoln

the land grant act was signed into law by

Morrill Act

the law that created the land grant system is named the

private schools, community colleges

_ and _ are exempt from the land grant act, so can teach agriculture as they’d like

non land grant State

_ universities would lose their federal funding if they taught agriculture.

1890, land grant

_ and _ schools must teach agriculture under federal law

UF

Florida’s land grant school is _

FAMU

Florida’s 1890 school is

extension, research, education

the federal land grant law requires _ _ and _

mites

Tend to be very small, often difficult to see without magnification

both insects and mites

May have haustellate mouthparts

mites

May have up to 8 simple eyes but no compound eyes

insects

May have rasping mouthparts

Mites

most often have 4 or 8 legs

insects

May have mandibulate mouthparts

insects

may have wings

mites

are most closely related to spiders

predator

Feeds on other insects, and may eat many in a lifetime

host

The organism being eaten (the victim) is a

Parasite

a _ Feeds on other insects, but only eats one in its lifetime

disorder

knocking the bark off of a tree with a lawnmower is a

disease

bacteria is a

disease

a fungus infection is a

disease

traditional nematodes are a

disorder

too much fertilizer is a

pest

mites are a

disorder

a freeze injury is a

disorder

when a plant is stuck by lightning, it is a

disease

rose mosaic virus is a

Mutagenicity

This means the ability to cause genetic mutations, which could be inherited by the kids you have in the distant future

Acute toxicity

the LD50 of a material is best for estimating this

acute toxicity

the ability to make you sick today or tomorrow, after just one exposure

teratogenicity

the ability of the substance to cause birth defects if the

mother is exposed while pregnant

carcinogenicity

the ability of the substance to cause cancer

chronic toxicity

the ability of the substance to cause illness after many

years of repeated exposure

rats

Unless otherwise specified, you can assume that LD50 toxicity studies are done on

male

Unless otherwise specified, you can assume that LD50 studies are done on _ gendered animals

kg of body weight

LD50 studies measure toxicity in mg active ingredient per

LD50 of 1500

If a pesticide has an LD50 of 15 and another material has an LD50 of 1500, which one is safer to handle (less toxic)

No

Is there any scientific evidence to support the idea that pesticides in current use increase the rates of cancer in the USA

teratogen

Thalidomide (remember the example of my childhood friend who played baseball without fingers) is an example of a

carcinogens

Most of the foods we eat (even if "organically" grown), including carrots, broccoli, potatoes, and many others definitely contain naturally self-produced

Robert Rodale

Organic Gardening and Farming magazine was founded and edited by

Rachel Carson

The book Silent Spring was written by

No

Is there any scientific evidence that organically grown food is safer for you than conventionally grown

increase

If the U.S. were to switch totally to organic food production, and maintain our current rate of productivity, the total acreage of land in cultivation would

Biodynamics movement

The father of the founder of “Organic Gardening and Farming” magazine developed his/her concepts of the “goodness” of organic production based on belief in the __, founded by Rudolph Steiner as a religious concept

greater

As currently practiced, the "carbon footprint" (amount of CO2 produced per acre of land or per pound of product) of organic products is far _ than in commercial production

8 days

If you applied 16 lb of a pesticide with a half life of two days, how long would it be until only 1 lb remained?

brown pelicans, DDT

Silent Spring was written because the author observed fewer _, due to _

malaria, yellow fever

DDT was first used to control mosquitos that carried _ and _

humans, mammals

DDT is not particularly toxic to _ and other _

nonliving

Most biologists would consider a virus to be

insecticide, fungicide, herbicide

By inventing Bordeaux mixture in the 1800s, the French wine grape grower accidentally invented the first _ _ _

Parkinson’s

A totally natural pesticide, once recommended for use on organically grown crops, but now banned from most uses, is rotenone. This is because it was discovered to cause early onset _

potatoes

GMO _ for spindle virus were formerly labeled and available, but public outcry caused it to be removed

tomatoes

GMO _ for the ‘Flavr Savr’ gene were formerly labeled and available, but public outcry caused it to be removed

apples

GMO non-browning _ are currently labeled but likely not yet available in the retail market

papayas

GMO _ for the ringspot virus are currently labeled and available, at least in some markets

sweet corn

GMO _ with the BT gene is currently labeled and available, at least in some markets

sweet potatoes

A good example of a known natural GMO (modified by a bacterium, over 1000 years ago) is

USA

Genetically modified crops (GMOs) are very commonly grown and used in the

millions of years

Genetically modified organisms (plants containing genes from other species) have been around for _

20%

It is estimated that about ___ percent of the DNA in humans is from a non-human source

nothing

When a gene is transferred, it does exactly what we expected it to, or does _. There are no surprises, ever

pesticides

Genetically modified organisms have reduced

increased, less

Genetically modified organisms have _ yields with _ fossil fuels

food, feeds

GMOS have reduced the cost of producing _ and _

Round Up Ready

By far the most-used genetic modification in world agriculture (based on total acres planted) is

viral protein coat

The type of GMO that saved the Hawaiian papaya industry was

deadly

Rose mosaic is damaging to production, but not _

deadly

Rose rosette is _ to roses

Prunus necrotic ringspot virus

By far most cases of rose mosaic in the USA are caused by this virus.

Rose Hantavirus

This virus does NOT cause rose mosaic, anywhere in the world

Apple mosaic virus

Second virus causing rose mosaic in the USA, but rare, since its symptoms are so extremely obvious

Arabis mosaic virus

this virus does cause rose mosaic, but is thought not to be in the USA

Mme. butterfly

Done in the FSC greenhouses. Looks for bright line-pattern symptoms

ELISA

Uses antibodies from a rabbit

PCR

The newest, most accurate method, currently being done by Texas A&M University for our roses at FSC

PCR, ELISA

Can tell exactly which virus is involved (differentiates between PNRSV and ApMV) _ and _

shirofugen cherry

the method that uses a hypersensitive index plant on which the tissue dies and oozes a sticky, gummy sap from the wound.

2

FSC's heat-therapy program is one of _ US programs

antique, heritage

FSC's heat-therapy program specializes in _ or _ roses

UC Davis

The largest heat-therapy program in the world is at

Texas A&M University

FSC's roses are tested at least annually, by