Cellular Respiration: Processes and ATP Production

Overall reaction for cellular respiration

C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O+ATP energy

Compound containing the carbon released from glucose

Carbon dioxide (CO₂)

Form of energy that comes from photosynthesis to cellular respiration

Glucose, which is produced during photosynthesis and broken down in cellular respiration to release ATP.

Aerobic

A process that requires oxygen to produce energy.

Gas needed for cellular respiration

Oxygen (O₂) is needed, and it is typically obtained from the atmosphere via breathing.

Three steps of Aerobic Cellular Respiration in order

Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle), Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Chemiosmosis.

Pathway that produces the most energy

Aerobic.

Anaerobic

A process that does not require oxygen to produce energy.

Two types of fermentation

Lactic acid fermentation, Alcoholic fermentation.

Products of lactic acid fermentation

Lactic acid.

Products of alcoholic fermentation

Ethanol and CO₂.

Molecules produced during glycolysis

2 NADH molecules.

Does fermentation require ATP?

No, fermentation does not directly require ATP, but glycolysis produces 2 ATP.

ATP produced in fermentation

2 ATP per glucose molecule.

ATP produced in anaerobic respiration

2 ATP (from glycolysis).

Where does glycolysis occur?

In the cytoplasm.

Requirements for glycolysis

Glucose, NAD+, and ATP (energy investment).

Is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic?

Anaerobic.

Pyruvate molecules produced from 1 glucose molecule

2 pyruvate molecules.

Two 3-carbon intermediate compounds produced during glycolysis

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P).

Net ATP made in Glycolysis

4 ATP are produced, but 2 ATP are used in the energy investment phase, leading to a net gain of 2 ATP.

Carbon molecule produced in glycolysis

Pyruvate.

Molecule that starts off the prep steps

Pyruvate.

Are the prep steps aerobic or anaerobic?

Aerobic.

Is ATP produced during the prep steps?

No.

Molecule needed to break down pyruvate

Co-enzyme A (CoA), a protein enzyme.

Final molecule produced from the prep steps

Acetyl-CoA.

What happens to Co-enzyme A after it transports acetate to the Krebs cycle?

It is recycled to pick up more pyruvate.

Effect of mutation in Co-enzyme A on cellular respiration

The Krebs cycle would not proceed, disrupting energy production.

Other name for the Krebs cycle

Citric Acid Cycle.

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

In the mitochondrial matrix.

Molecule that enters the Krebs cycle from the prep steps

Acetyl-CoA.

Acetyl-CoA

What molecule enters the Krebs cycle from the prep steps?

Citrate

Formed when Acetyl-CoA is combined with a 4-carbon compound.

Carbon skeletons

Produced in both the Krebs cycle and the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis for use in biosynthetic pathways.

One turn

How many 'turns' of the Krebs cycle occur to break down one pyruvate?

Two turns

How many 'turns' of the Krebs cycle need to occur to break down one glucose?

2 ATP

How many ATP are produced during the Krebs cycle from one glucose molecule?

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Is the ATP produced via oxidative phosphorylation or substrate-level phosphorylation?

Products of the Krebs cycle from one glucose molecule

6 NADH, 2 FADH₂, 4 CO₂, 2 ATP.

Electrons and hydrogen ions

What is picked up by NAD+ and FAD+ during the Krebs cycle?

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Where is the ETC in cellular respiration located?

In the inner mitochondrial membrane

Where is the most ATP formed in an aerobic cell (location in the mitochondria)?

Bouncing a ball down the stairs

Is the energy produced during the ETC redox reactions most like setting off a firecracker or bouncing a ball down the stairs?

NADH, FADH₂, Oxygen (O₂), ADP + Pi

Name all the necessary 'ingredients' for ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation.

NADH and FADH₂

What molecules provide the protons (hydrogen ions) for the ETC?

Hydrogen carriers

Used in photosynthesis, aerobic respiration, and anaerobic respiration.

H+ concentration gradient

Drives the formation of ATP.

TRUE

When electrons are transferred during the redox reactions of the ETC, some energy is lost (TRUE/FALSE)?

Intermembrane space of the mitochondria

Where is there a buildup of Hydrogen ions during chemiosmosis in cellular respiration?

H⁺ ions (protons)

ATP Synthase is a channel for the passage of.

The H⁺ ion gradient

Where is the energy for chemiosmosis provided most directly from?

Oxygen (O₂)

What compound is the final electron acceptor in aerobic cellular respiration?

Energy carriers

NADH and FADH₂ carry high-energy electrons from earlier stages (glycolysis, Krebs cycle) to the ETC, where their energy is harvested to produce ATP.

3 ATP

How many ATP are produced as a result of one molecule of NADH?

2 ATP

What about one molecule of FADH₂?

Oxidative Phosphorylation

What step produces the most ATP in aerobic respiration?

Fermentation (alcoholic fermentation)

Processes where CO₂ is produced in anaerobic respiration.

Krebs cycle and prep steps

Processes where CO₂ is produced in aerobic respiration.

No

Is carbon dioxide used in aerobic respiration?

Oxidative phosphorylation

The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of the ETC and the movement of protons across a membrane.

Around 34 ATP

How many ATP are produced as a result of oxidative phosphorylation in aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule?

4 ATP

How many net ATP are produced as a result of substrate-level phosphorylation in aerobic respiration?