Exam 6 chickens, swine, pigmy goat, beef

Nose ring application

• used to control bulls

• insert in bulls 9-12 months of age

• standing position in a chute under local analgesia

• use self-piercing, non-rusting metal ring

• inserted through the nasal septum about one inch from the tip of the nose

• should not be used as the sole form of restraint

indications for dehorning in cattle

• prevent operator injury

• prevent livestock injury

• ease of working animals

• less space required for housing and feeding

• treatment of disease conditions

• correction of behavioral problems associated with dominance

• reduce carcass condemnation due to bruising associated with horn injuries

horn anatomy and growth

• The horn grows from a modified skin epithelium (buds)

• buds are not attached to the skull before 2 months of age

• frontal sinus opens to the cavity of the horn at 4 months

restraint and analgesia with dehorning in cattle

• head tray or similar restrait device

• head tie to one side with halter

• cornual nerve block (conrnual) branch of the lachrymal nerve) - 5ml of 2% lidociane using 20-22 g 0.5-1% needle

• local infiltration around base of horn

Disbudding in cattle

• caustic paste / caustic chemical injection

  • pastes contain NaOH, KOH or CaOH

  • injectable contains CaCI

    • apply at <1 week of age

    • do not use in beef calves or in group housed calves cover the horn bud with duct tape

    • clip hair around horn bud, use gloves

    • post op NSAIDs

• Electrothermal (hot iron)

  • butane-powered, rechargeable or corded

  • calves up to 2 moths old

  • hot iron must fit comfortably over horn bud

  • apply for 5-10 seconds, depending on the size of the calf

Barns dehorner

• calves from 3 months to a year or more

• remove 1-1.5 cm of skin at base

• control hemorrhage

• remove all pieces of bone frome horn

Dehorning in adult cattle

• dehorning cattle with large size horns is not recommended - sinusitis, skull fractures, pain

• keystone dehorner

  • used for large horns of heifers, cows, and bulls

  • good restrait

  • local analgesia

  • post operative NSAIDs

Horn tipping adult cattle

• Adult cattle, bulls

• cut distal 1/3 of the horn length

• manual saw dehorners

• electric saw dehorners

• OB wire dehorning

cosmetic dehorn

• preferred in animlas younger than 2 years old

• show cattle to improve appearance of head

• standing restraints, tranquilization, cornual nerve block

• aseptic preparations

• surgical removal of all germinal epithelium

• use barn dehorner to cut horn from its base and bone rongeur to smoothen the bone edges

• close skin the non absorbale, vertical mattress

• remove skin sutures in 3 weeks

Disbudding goat kids

• Electrothermal (hot iron)

  • Disbud kids before 2 weeks of age

  • restrain in a dehorning box

  • sedation/ analgesia

  • local block - ring block

  • nerve block conrual branch of the lachrymal nerve and infratrochlear branch of the ophthalmic nerve

• post operative - NSAIDs, tetanus, antitoxin

• complications

  • thermal meningitis

  • scurs and ingrown horns

Dehorning adult goats

• Not recommended high risk of tetanus, sinusitis, myiasis, abortion, ketosis, and death

• dehorning wound is difficult to close with sutures and takes months to heal

• the goat looses social ranking

• under GA

• post op antibiotics, NSAIDs, bandage

Descenting Goats

• A view of the kid from the top of its head

• (A) the area of applying the cauterizing unit for descenting

• (B) the area of applying the cauterizing unit for dehorning

• circles - surgical removal of glands under general anesthesia

Keratoconjuctivitis in sheep and goats

• Chlamydophila percorum is the most common cause of pinkeye in sheep

• Mycoplasma spp. also can cause pinkeye

  • very common

  • clinical signs: Epiphora, hyperemia, mucopurulent discharge, keratitis

  • history may indicate other problems in the herd: mastitis, polyarthritis, pleuropneumonia

  • Diagnosis: cytology, IFA, culture

  • treatment: topical antibiotics, systemic oxytetracycline, NSAIDs, protect the eye

Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis

• pink eye, contagious ophthalmais, New forest disease

• occurs primarily during summer months

• all breeds susceptible

  • Bos tauru » than Bos indicus

  • Herefords and Hereford crosses

  • younger > older

• DDx - foreign bodies, trauma, MCF, IBR, listeria

• Moraxella bovis: gram negative bacillus

• newer strains emerged: M. bovoculi

• recently discovered cause of IBK: Mycoplasma bovoculi

• Neisseria spp can also cause IBK

• transmitted by handlers, mechanical vectors (face fly, house fly, stable fly)

  • 75% unilateral eye lesion

  • epiphora, blephrospasm, photophobia

  • mucopurulent eye discharge, corneal abscess, blindness in severe cases only

  • central corneal ulcer

Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis treatment

• Long-acting oxytetracycline (2 injections of 20 mg/kg, IM or SC at a 48 to 72 hour interval

• Subconjunctival injection with penicllin (2ml) with or without dexamtheazone (1mg or 0.5ml)

• use 25g 5/8 needle

• third eyelid flaps, tarsorrhaphy or eye patches

• NSAIDs

• prevention - vaccination, control flies

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) or “cancer eye”

• Economic importance

• very invasive locally

• may metastasize to the local lymph nodes

• predisposing factors:

  • sunlight, age

  • non pigmented eyelids and conjunctiva (white faced cattle)

  • Herefords, simmentals and Holestein - Friesians

• most common areas for tumors: the limbus (junction of the cornea and the sclera) the third eyelid, and on the upper and lower eyelid margins

• treatment

  • small lesions less than 2 cm

    • cryosurgery

    • eyelid wedge resection

    • third eyelid resection

  • larger lesions (5cm or more): Enucleation

  • invasive lesions: culling

• prognosis: 40-50% recurrence rate

Enucleation

• Surgical removal of the entire eyeball

• indications

  • panophthalmitis

  • intra-ocular neoplasia

  • severe primary or secondary infection, eg infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis

  • trauma or rupture of globe

• restraint and analgesia

  • standing or recumbent

  • sedation 10-20mg xylazine IV

  • eyelid aknesia - auriculopalpebral nerve block: needle inserted front of the base of the at the end of zygomatic arch

• post op care

  • systemic antibiotics for 5-7 days

  • NSAIDs for 3 days

  • tetanus prophylaxis as required

  • remove sutures in 3 weeks

• complications

  • failure or inability to remove all neoplastic tissue (SCC)

  • massive intra-orbital hemorrhage

  • abscess formation

  • excessive dead space

  • failure to appose the skin margin without excessive tension on sutures

Papillomatosis (Fibropapillomas, warts)

• Most common skin tumor in cattle

• benign and self limiting

• 6 and 24 months old most at risk for warts

• associated with dehorning, ear tagging, tattooing devices

• lesions are cauliflower like, rough, or rusty

• some appear flatter, gray and have a broad based skin attachment, others have a pedunculated base

• head, neck, brisket and sometimes udder and teats and eyelids are mostly affected

treatment:

• spontaneous regression within 1-12 months

• large wards may be surgically removed and their bases cauterized chemically

• cryosurgery

• crushing is also used to remove wars and may stimulate the immune system

• lithium antimony thiomalate 6% solution 15 mL by deep IM injection every other day 4-6 times

prevention:

• commercial or autogenous vaccines should be repeated at 7 day intervals

• in show animals it takes at least 4 to 6 weeks before vaccination cause warts to regress

• disinfection of surgical instruments

Dermatophytosis (Ringworm)

• club lamb fungus in sheep and goats

• common in diary young calves in group housing during winter months

• Trichophyton verrusconsum is the most common pathogen

• infection by contact

• zoonotic disease

• treatment

  • remove crusts and debs

  • topical application of 7% iodine solution

  • topical application of chlorine bleach (1:10 dilution)

  • sun exposure: UV rays from sunlight aid healing

Club lamb fungus

• treatment options

• most effective treatment

• prevention strategies

• hygiene practices

• avoid communal bathing areas

• disinfect grooming tools and equipment regularly

• early detection

• isolate affected lambs promptly to prevent spread

Dermatophilosis

• Rain rot; Rain scald; Streptothricosis in cattle, goats, lamas; lumpy wool in sheep

  • Dermatophilus congolensis - gram positive, non acid fast, facultative anerobic actinomycete

  • moist environmental conditions and long hair coats predisposes to infection

  • animlas housed outside during rainy seasons

  • clinical signs - matted tufts of hair

  • zoonotic disease

• Diagnosis

  • bacterial smears

    • gram stain, new methylene blue, or Diff-Quik

    • parallel rows of gram positive cocci that look like railroad tracks or tramcar line

• treatment

  • topical and systemic antibiotics

  • topical application of lime sulfur

  • keep animals dry

Urticaria and Angioedema

• Hypersensitivity reactions

  • Urticaria (hives) appears as skin wheals or mucous membrane swellings as a result of dermal edema

  • Angioedema tends to imply larger swelling or plaques of edema that involve subcutaneous tissue

  • variety of drugs, feeds, and other stimuil may evoke hypersensitivity reactions

  • rapid onset

  • severe respiratory and cardiovascular signs

  • milk allergy is common in jersery cows at drying off

• treatment

  • remove inciting cause

  • Antihistamines, NSAIDs with or without coricosteroids

Photosensitization

Primary:

• occurs when a photodynamic agent is either ingested, injected or absorbed through the skin

• Examples: hypericin (St. John’s wort), fagopyrin (Buckwheat), furocoumarins (psoalens) from various toxic plants

Congential photosensitization resulting in aberrant pigment synthesis

• bovine erythropoietic porphyria

• bovine protoporphyria

secondary (hepatogenous) photsensitization

• the most common type

• impaired hepatic detoxification and excretion of the phototoxic agent phylloerythrin

• hepatotoxic plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids

• blue green algae

• molds such as Aspegillus sp, fusarium sp, and pithomyces sp

Diagnosis

• clinical signs - erythema and edema of hairless, nonpigmented areas of skin

• evidence or history of exposure to photosensitizing agents or hepatotoxins

• Evidence of liver damage, elevated SDH, GGT, ALP, direct bilirubin

prognosis is poor for cattle with hepatogenous photosensitization

LIce

• 2 types

  • sucking lice - larger and take blood meals

  • biting lice - feed on dead skin and feathers

  • causes pruritus, restlessness, and excessive licking

  • blood loss anemia in calves

• treatment

  • organochlorine, organophosphorus, pyrethroid, coumaphos, diazinon and permethrin

  • Ivermectin injectable gets sucking lice but not biting spp

Ticks

• 2 types: soft and hard

  • inflammation, itching, and swelling at the site of the bite

  • anemia, weight loss, and even death

  • ticks can also create wounds that can become infected if not taken care of

  • spread diseases

    • Dermacentor - tansmits anaplasmosis

    • Cattle fever tick (Rhinpicephalus annulatus) - transmits babesia (reportable)

Mange

• occur during colder months, in houses animals with close contact

• causes skin irritation, hide damage, reduced gain

• reportable in most states

• several species

  • Psoroptes cuniculi - ear mites in sheep and goats

  • Chorioptes bovis - tail or foot or red mange, pruritic and nodular lesions, most common type of mange in cattle

  • Demodex - non pruritic nodular lesions containing the mite, cigar shaped mite

• Diagnosis

  • microscopic examination of skin scrapes

  • scrape the edges of the lesion using scalpel

  • wet scraping with 10% potassium hydroxide

• treatment

  • cattle

    • use approved products

    • injectable or pour-on formulations of doramectin, ivermectin, and moxidectin

    • 2 to 3 topical treatments separated by 2-3 weeks

  • sheep and goats

    • hot lime sulfur spray or dip. treatment should be repeated every 12 days if needed

Obligatory or Primary Myiasis (Screwworm)

• the fly larvae are completely parasitic

• invade small skin wounds or mucus membranes

• Eradicated in USA using the sterile male release program

• occasional outbreaks in ares on Mexico border (Recently in Florida in Deer)

• reportable disease

Facultative Myiasis

• Blow fly strike or maggots

  • more common problem in sheep less in goats and cattle (breech region in sheep)

  • castration and tail wounds, clipping wounds, head wounds on fighting rams

  • open wounds that are infected and smelly attract flies (wound strike or maggots)

• treatment

  • wound care

  • Larvicidal agents - ivermectin or organophosphates

• prevention

  • shearing regularly before the summer: shearing controls outbreaks

  • crutching (ie wool is shorn between the legs and around the tial)

  • Mulesing (ie operation to remove folds of skin from the hindquarters of the sheep) welfare issue

  • topical application of quarternary ammonium, phenols, caustic soda or plastic clips on the hindquarter of sheep

  • proper care of surgical and traumatic wounds - Ivermectin given at time of sx provides residual protection for 16-20 days

  • insecticide sprays or ointments

  • vaccination

Hypodermiasis (Warbles, Grubs)

Warble or heel flies of cattle:

• reported in sheep, goats, deer, humans, dogs, cats,

• hide damage, decreased milk production, weight loss

• decreased amount of feeding time due to irritation and gradding

entire life cycle is 1 year

• larvae migrate to the submucosa of the caudal thirds of the esophagus

• larvae reac the epidural adipose tissue between the dura mater and periosteum of the thoracolumbar vertebrae

treatment

• treat cows between July 1 till end of October

• to prevent adverse reactions cattle should NOT be treated between December and March

• pour on products - ivermectin, moxidectin, organophosphates

adverse reactions

• esophageal inflammation could choke

• temporary or permanent paralysis

• anaphylactic reactions are common

Sheep ked

• not a tick but a wingless blood suckling fly

• keds will bite humans producing painful result

• spreadby contact; long wooled breeds are more susceptible

• heavy infestation common in autumn and winter

• loss of condition, anemia, irritation, biting and rubbing, damaged skin and low quality fleece

• diagnosis by inspection of affected wooly areas looking for wingless fly

• treatment using pour on products - ivermectin, moxidectin, organosphosphates

Pygmy goats as pets

• Origin: West Africa

• Introduced to the U.S. in the 1950s for research and exhibition

• gained popularity as pets and livestock due to small size, friendly nature, anda adaptability

• lifespan: 10-15 years

Pygmy goat internal parasites

• types: GI nematodes, flukes, lungworms

• clinical signs

  • weight loss, poor growth, anemia, poor hair coat, submandibular edema (bottle jaw,) diarrhea

  • specific signs (coughing from lungworms)

• risk factors: environmental conditions, stocking density

• diagnosis fecal exmiantion, fecal egg count

treatment of internal parasites in goats

• administer only when clinical signs are evident. avoid overuse

• assess anemia severity using FAMACHA

• combination treatments are more effective than single drug treatments in reducing the survival of resistant worms, especially if used early

• examples: albendazole + levamisole

• monitor drug efficacy using fecal egg count

• consider breeding for inherent resistance

Copper oxide wine particles (COWPs):

• COWPs are tiny copper oxide rods

• used as a supplement to reduce barber pole worm infections in sheep and goats

• best used selectively for animals showing clinical signs of hemonchosis (FAMACHA score 4)

• combination treatment examples:

  • Albendazole + COWPs

  • Levamisole + COWPs

decision-making tools for deworming:

• FAMACHA system: specifically for blood feeding parasites like barber pole worm

• five point check

  • eye: check for anemia

  • jaw: look for bottle jaw

  • back: assess body conditon score (BCS)

  • tail: observe for dags

  • coat: inspect for coat condition

• happy factor

  • performance indicators: use average daily gain and or milk production

psoroptic mange (ear mange)

• Caused by P. cuniculi

• typically infests the ears of goats but can spread to the head, neck, and body

• clinical signs: scaling, crusting, inflammation, alopecia, ear scratching, head shaking, and rubbing of ears and head

• prognosis is good with appropriate treatment

• treatment

  • ivermectin, moxidectin or eprinomectin

  • Coumaphos, toxaphene, lime sulfur and phosmet

  • repeat treatment at least twice 5 to 7 days aprat

Chorioptic mange

• C. caprae

• lesion distribution: scrotum, distal limbs in sheep; lower limbs, abdomen, hindquarters in goats

• clinical signs: alopecia, erythema, excoriation, crusting; pruritus, restlessness.

• treatment

  • ivermectin, moxidectin or eprinomectin

  • repeat treatment at least twice, 5 to 7 days apart

Demodectic mange

• D. caprae

• lesion distribution: face, limbs, back; severe folliculitis, secondary pyoderma

• diagnosis: deep skin scraping; examination of exudate for mites

• treatment: ivermectin, moxidectin, or eprinomectin

• repeat treatment at least twice 5 to 7 days apart

Lice

• Clinical signs: pruritus, alopecia, anemia, skin damage, loss of condition, decrease in production (both milk and wool)

• treatment:

  • Coumaphos

  • malathion

  • injection of avermectin anthelmintics

  • avermectin are useful in treating sucking lice but have limited efficacy against biting lice

  • repeat treatment at least twice 5 to 7 days apart

Dermatophilosis (Streptothricosis, Lumpy wool disease, rain scald, rain rot)

• causative agent: Dermatophilus congolensis baterium

• transmission: through carrier animals, biting insects, abrasion, and moisture

• predisposing factors: skin damage, moisture, weakened immune system

• clinical signs: papules and pustules coalesce, forming “paintbrush lesions”

• diagnosis: gram stain, histopathology, culture

• treatment:

  • topical agents like iodine

  • oxytetracycline

• prevention: maintain dry conditions, good nutrition and control ectoparasites; vaccines have limited effectiveness

Staphylococcal Dermatitis

• Nonpruritic lesions on head and face

• alopecia, papules, crusts, erosions or ulcers, exudation, erythema, hyperpigmentation, thickening of the skin.

• diagnosis: culture, histopathologic examination

• treatment:

  • Antibiotics

  • wash affected skin with iodine or chlorhexidine shampoo

  • topical antiseptic

  • antibiotic ointment (Oxytetracycline/polymyxin B)

• prevention: prevent facial injuries, control fly populations, isolate affected animals

Dermatophytosis (Ringworm)

• Caused by Trichophyton verrucosum

• infection by contact

• zoonotic disease

• treatment

  • remove cruts and debris

  • topical application of 7% iodine solution

  • topical application of chlorine bleach (1:10 dilution)

  • sun exposure: UV rays from sunlight aid healing

Bacterial pneumonia

• Pasteurella multocida, Mannheamia hemolytica, Mycoplasma spp

• symptoms: fever (>104F) coughing, nasal discharge, difficulty breathing, weakness, death

• Diagnosis:

  • auscultate the lungs for abnormal lung sounds such as crackles or wheezes

  • thoracic radiographs

  • collect a tracheal wash sample for bacterial culture

• treatment: antibiotics, NSAIDs, supportive care

• prevention: good nutrition, sanitation, proper ventilation, vaccination

Viral pneumonia

Parainfluenza type 3 (PI3)

• member of the paramyxovirus family

• clinical signs: coughing, nasal discharge, fever rare

• diagnosis: virus isolation

• treatment: supportive

• prevention: vaccination with live intranasal vaccine may reduce disease incidence

Adenovirus:

• clinical signs: mild, severity increases with secondary bacterial infection

• diagnosis: virus isolation or paired serology samples

• treatment: supportive

• prevention: vaccination with live intranasal vaccine may reduce disease incidence

respiratory syncytial virus (RSV):

• clinical signs: anorexia, fever, conjunctivitis, cough, tachypnea, tachycardia

• diagnosis: necropsy findings, observation of syncytial cells on histopathologic examination, immunoperoxidase staining

• treatment: supportive

• prevention: use of a commercial cattle monovalent modified live virus vaccine against RSV

Caprine Herpesvirus:

• linked to rhinitis, vulvovaginitis, abortions

• may induce mild rhinitis, tracheitis

• diagnosis by PCR

• treatment: supportive

• control: emphasize environmental and stress management

Keratoconjuctivitis

• caused by Chlamydophila spp, and Mycoplasma spp

  • very common

  • clinical signs: Epiphora, hyperemia, mucopurulent discharge, keratitis

  • history may indicate other problems in the herd: mastitis, polyarthritis, pleuropneumonia

  • diagnosis: cytology, IFA, culture

  • treatment:

    • topical antibiotics

    • oxytetracycline

    • NSAIDs

Caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE)

• caused by: Lentivirus

• clinical signs: progressive paresis in kids, arthritis in adults, agalactia, chronic weight loss

• transmission: vertical (colostrum, milk) and horizontal (blood, mucus)

• diagnosis by serologic testing (ELISA, AGID) PCR

• treatment: pain medications

• prevention:

  • isolate kids immediately after birth

  • feed kids pasteurized colostrum

  • test kids for CAEV every 6 months and cull positive animals

  • biosecurity - new additions should be quarantined and tested within 60 days of arrival

  • chemical disinfection of equipment using phenolic and quaternary ammonium compounds.

Paratuberculosis (Johne’s Disease)

• Caused by Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis

• transmission: vertical (colostrum, milk) fecal-oral, in utero, milk

• clinical signs: weight loss, submandibular edema, weakness; diarrhea less common

• diagnosis: fecal PCR testing, necropsy (enlarged lymph nodes, thickened intestine)

• treatment: no cure

• prevention:

  • maintain a closed herd

  • kidding area cleanliness

• vaccinations

  • there is no vaccine approved for goats

  • USDA-approved vaccine for cattle is effective in reducing the risk for shedding in lactating herd

Caseous lymphadenitis (CL; cheesy gland)

• Caused by: Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

• transmission: skin breaks, contact with pus, contaminated fomites

• forms: internal (chronic weight loss) and external abscesses

• diagnosis: radiographs, culture, or serologic testing (SHI test)

• antimicrobials (intralesional and or systemic)

  • treatment is extra-label; strict adherence to withdrawal times is required

• systemic antibiotics

  • long term procaine penicillin G and Rifampin have shown some success

  • tulathromycin reaches effective concentrations in walled-off abscesses

• drainage and isolation

• environmental decontamination

• strict biosecurity measures

• vaccination: there is no vaccine licensed for goats

  • sheep vaccine - not 100% effective but reduces disease prevalence and incidence

• shearing precautions

• environmental hazard reduction remove barbed wire and such

Clostridium tetani infection (tetanus)

• an anaerobic spore forming bcterium found in soil and manure

• clinical signs

  • lockjaw

  • muscle spasms, especially in neck, limbs, and back

  • sawhorse stance

  • difficulty breathing

  • seizures and possible death

• Diagnosis: based on clinical signs and history of injury

• treatment:

  • tetanus antitoxin, antibiotics (penicillin/tetracycline)

  • muscle relaxants, sedatives

  • supportive care

• prevention

  • vaccination (tetanus toxoid)

  • proper wound care

• prognosis: poor

Pregnancy toxemia

• Cause: high energy demand late in pregnancy, especially with multiple kids

• clinical signs and diagnosis:

  • neurological signs such as depression, recumbency, tremors, star-gazing, incoordination, circling, and teeth grinding

  • confirmed by detecting increased urine and blood ketone concentrations

• treatment

  • in early cases

    • oral propylene glycol 2-3 ounces twice daily

    • B vitamins, calcium borogluconate

    • transfaunation

    • feed energy rich diet

  • severe cases in late gestation require C-section, IV fluids with dextrose and B vitamins

• prevention:

  • avoid excessive weight gain early in pregnancy

  • increase grain in final month

  • provide low stress environment

Coccidiosis in the neonate

• clinical signs: thin kids, diarrhea, sudden death around ~3 weeks old.

• diagnosis: fecal flotation test to detect oocysts of Eimeria spp

• treatment:

  • amprolium

  • decoquinate

  • benzeacetonitrile compounds

  • parenteral sulfadimethoxine

  • oral sulfadimethoxine

  • oral sulfadimidine

Navel ill and septic joint

• cause: infection of the umbilicus

• clinical signs: swollen umbilicus, swollen joints, reluctance to move, failure to gain weight

• treatment:

  • systemic antibiotics: Florfenicol or tylosin

  • joint lavage with saline solution

  • intra-articular injection of antimicrobials (Ceftiofur, penicilli, amikacin)

  • regional limb perfusion of antibiotics (ceftiofur, penicillin, amikacin)

  • surgical removal of the umbilicus

• prevention: Dip umbilicus with 7% iodine immediately after birth; maintain a clean birthing area

Contagious ecthyma (sore mouth)

• cause: orf virus

• clinical signs: painful lesions around mouths of kids, on teats of does; may lead to anorexia and starvation

• transmission: direct contact, fomites

• treatment:

  • parenteral antibiotics

  • topical antibiotics

  • repellents and larvicides to prevent myiasis

  • NSAIDs for pain

  • supportive care

• prevention: vaccine is live and should only be administered if the disease is present

Polio

• causes:

  • primary: Thiamine deficiency, sulfur toxicity

  • secondary: excessive grain, rumen acidosis, improper feeding

• clinical signs:

  • stargazing, circling, head pressing, blindness, nystagmus, convulsions, death in 24-72 hours if untreated

• treatment:

  • thiamine: 0.25cc/10pound body weight, 3-4 times daily

• prevention:

  • diet: high roughage, low concentrate

  • avoid moldy feeds, excessive carbs

  • supplementation: thiamine, probiotics, brewers yeast

Resuscitation of kids following dystocia

• they may look normal initially but crash 2-4 hours later

• need to be aggressive in therapy

• if depressed: measure bicarb and correct deficit or use BD of 10

• soludelta-dortef (1 mg/lb) injection

• consider oxygen even if no respiratory difficulty and normal color

• dehydrated, non-diarrheic (septic, hasnt nursed): hypoglycemic

  • if <8% dehydrated, mild depression, still walking: 150-250 mls oral calf electrolytes without bicarb

  • If >8% dehydrated, depressed, recumbent: correct fluid deficit with balanced electrolyte solution

  • follow up with milk

Castration

• castration of males reduces offensive odor

• should be delayed to allow musculoskeletal development

• early castration (before 3 months) hinder penile development and urethral diameter leading urolithiasis

• aseptic techniques, proper pain management and post-operative care are essential for animal well being

• surgical castration under general anesthesia is preferred

• complications can include hemorrhage, infection, and tetanus

dystocia goats

• causes: fetal malpositioning, fetal disproportion, multiple fetuses, incomplete cervical dilation (ringwomb), uterine inertia, and uterine torsion.

• C-section common in pygmy goats

ringwomb

• failure of the cervix to adequately dilate resulting in dystocia

• causes:

  • late gestation hormonal imbalance

  • nutritional factors

  • genetic predisposition

• treatment

  • early intervention

    • IM administration of estrogen

    • followed by SQ hourly xytocin (10 units)

  • manual dilation: gradual manual dilation with adequate lubrication after the second oxytocin dose

  • most effective treatment: Cesarean section for rapid and successful resolution

Foot rot goats

• cause:

  • Fusobacterium necrophorum and Dichelobacter nodosus

  • wet and muddy conditions promote infection

  • overgrown hooves increase susceptibility

• signs

  • lameness, swelling, pain, reluctance to walk

  • necrotic lesions in the interdigital space with a foul odor

• diagnosis: clinical signs physical exam

• treatment

  • systemic antibiotics: penicillin streptomycin or oxytetracycline

  • foot bathing in formalin or zinc sulfate

• prevention

  • quarantine new animals before flock introduction

  • maintain dry and clean barns

  • regular hoof trimmig and foot care

  • provide balanced nutrition with essential minerals

goat hoof trimming

• untrimmed hooves are prone to developing lameness, splayed toes, and foot rot

  • hooves are trimmed regularly preferably every 4 to 6 weeks

  • hoof care

  • conduct regular foot baths, especially during wet seasons to maintain hoof health

Deworming program for goats

• conduct regular fecal exams (every 3-4 months) to monitor parasite load

• deworm strategically based on fecal egg counts

• rotate pastures to reduce exposure to parasite eggs and larvae

• deworm 3 to 4 times annually (every 3-4 months)

• deworm does before kidding and during the last month of pregnancy

goat vaccination program

• Core vaccinations

  • CDT (Clostridium perfringens type C + D and tetanus)

  • vaccination for does

    • vaccinate 30 days before giving birth

    • administered as two shots 3-4 weeks apart

  • vaccination for kids

    • from vaccinated does

      • first dose at 5-6 weeks of age

      • booster 3-4 weeks later

    • from uncertain vaccinated history does

      • first dose at 7-21 days of age

      • booster 3-4 weeks alter

      • option to give tetanus antitoxin at birth or castration

• optional vaccinations

  • caseous lymphadenitis vaccine if CL is common in the area

  • rabies if there is a risk or it is required by local laws

Foot trimming swine

• indications

  • to prevent lameness and ensure proper locomostion

  • to treat overgrown hooves, cracks, or foot infections

• done as needed typically every 6-12 months in mature pigs or when lameness is oberved

• procedure

  • restrain using a chute, sling, or sedation

  • use hoof shears, a rasp, or an angle grinder

  • remove overgrown hoof material carefully avoiding damage to sensitive tissues

  • treat any visible lesions, cracks, or infections with antiseptics or anibiotics

Tusk trimming (boars)

• to prevent injuries to handlers, other pigs, or sows during breeding

• every 6-12 months, depending on the growth rate

• use a wire saw, bolt cutters, or an electric grinder

• restrain with sedation

• trim the tusks just above the gum line, avoiding damage to the pulp cavity to prevent pain or infection

• disinfect tools before and after use

• apply antiseptic to the trimmed area

Tail docking

• to prevent tail-biting which can lead to infections and abscesses in pigs

• perform tail docking within the first 3-7 days of life

• use sterilized equipment such as a sharp cutter, scissors, or a cauterizing device

• leave about 1-2 cm of tail to minimize nerve damage

• apply an antiseptic to prevent infection

• docking tails too short lead to rectal prolapse

Needle tooth removal

• to prevent injuries to littermates and sows udder during nursing

• perform within the first 24-48 hours of life

• use sterilized sharp clippers or grinders to clip the sharp tips of the 8 needle teeth (corner deciduous incisors and canines)

• avoid clipping too close to the gum to prevent damage and infection

• disinfect tools between litters to prevent disease transmission

OHE

• performed in pot belly pigs

• indications

  • to prevent unwanted pregnancies

  • to prevent ovarian and uterine tumors

  • therapeutic treatment of chronic uterine infection tumors

• age 6-8 weeks optimal

• linea alba incision

• use 3 clamp vessel ligation technique

• subcuticular closure

Pseudorabies (Aujeszky’s disease)

• herpes virus

• affcts all ages

• clinicals signs

  • suckling piglets: sudden death

  • growers and weaned piglets: nervous signs

    • tremors, incoordination, dog-sitting, paddling, convulsions, coma and death

• finishing and adults; respiratory signs

• sows: reproductive failure

• clinical symptoms:

  • giving birth to weak piglets

  • foaming at the mouth

  • severe neurological disorders

  • aborted fetus

  • hemorrhagic spot on the renal cortex

  • cerebral hemorrhage and congested meninges

  • pulmonary hemorrhage

  • liver with mulitple small focal areas of necrosis

Swine influenza

clinical symptoms:

• fever, coughing, pneumonia spreading rapidly, rapid return to normality within 7-10 days

• reproductive failure: return to estrus, abortions, reduced litter size, infertility in boars

Epidemiology:

• endemic in most herds

• intermittent bouts of respiratory disease and infertility

Diagnosis: virus isolation in nasal swabs, serology

prevention strategies: biosecurity measures, vaccination

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PPRS)

• affects all ages

• causes significant economic loss

• clinical symptoms:

  • pneumonia in weaners:

    • mild coughing

    • sneezing

    • increased respiratory rates

    • death rate up to 15%

  • reproductive failure in sows

    • late term abortion

    • premature birth

    • prolonged anoestrus

    • agalactia

• clinical signs and lesions

  • normal duroc crossbred pig

  • normal wild boar

  • red discoloration in ears of a domestic duroc crossbred pig infected with PPRS

  • normal lung

  • pulmonary hyperplasia and consolidation in wild boar infected with PPRS

  • normal heart

  • cardiac hemorrhages and edema in a wild boar infected with PPRS

Mycoplasma pneumonia (enzootic pneumonia) pigs

• endemic in most herds

• clinical presentation

  • acute pneumonia: fever, cough, respiratory distress, high mortality across all ages

  • chronic cases: prolonged cough and breathing difficulty (thumps)

• lung lesions: consolidation of the anterior, cardiac, intermediate, and anterior diaphragmatic lung lobes

• diagnosis methods

  • PCR (polymerase chain reaction) serology

• treatment: medicated feed

• prevention strategies

  • maintain an EP disease-free herd

  • implement biosecurity measures

  • vaccination

Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia (APP)

• affects pigs 8 to 16 weeks of age

  • respiratory distress

  • cyanosis of the ears

  • sudden death with hemorrhage from the nose (dxx bacillus anthracis)

• diagnosis

  • bacterial culture from lesions

  • PCR

  • serology (ELISA)

• treatment

  • antibiotic injections

  • medicated feed or water for the rest of the herd

• prevention

  • biosecurity measures

  • vaccination

  • medicated feed

Greasy pig disease (Exudative epidermitis; Staphylococcus hyicus)

• affects all ages

• septicemia and toxemia cause death

• dark patches of flaky, greasy skin lesions

• diagnosis - bacterial culture

• treatment - antibiotic injection, spray affected pigs several times with 10% bleach, chlorhexidine or dilute iodine

• prevention - biosecurity, autogenous vaccine

Glassers disease (Haemophilus parasuis)

• anthrax-like disease with high mortality and sudden death in sows and suckling pigs

• Young growing pigs - meningitis, middle ear infection, pleuropneumonia, pericarditis and peritonitis

• diagnosis - bacterial culture

• treatment - antibiotics injections, medicated feed or water for the rest of the herd

• prevention - biosecurity, autogenous vaccine, medicated feed.

Colibacillosis (Enterotoxigenic E. coli)

• severe watery diarrhea, dehydration in piglets 2-4 days of age with high mortality

• older pigs are not affected

• inflammation of the small intestine with watery, yellow, content

• the stomachs of dead piglets is full of milk

• diagnosis - bacterial culture from feces or rectal swabs

• treatment - antibiotic injection, oral electrolytes, mediated feed for the herd

• prevention - hygiene in maternity, all in / all out system, autogenous vaccines, commercial vaccines

Edema disease

• caused by hemolytic E coli that produce Shiga toxin 2e (stx2e also known as verotoxin 2e or VT2e)

• affects wearner pigs (days to few weeks after weaning)

• associated with dietary changes overfeeding poor hygiene

• swollen face edema of the eyelids, nose, and ears

• CNS signs - dullness, blindness, head pressing, lateral recumbency, paddling leg movement, coma, death

• diagnosis - detect stx2e in feces by ELISA, culture of E. coli that are positive for stx2e and f18 antigens

• treatment - antibiotic oral or injection

• prevention - improve hygiene, medicated feed, oral vaccination

Enterotoxemia C. perfingens

• bloody diarrhea and death in piglets hours to few days in age

• hindquarters are soiled with bloody feces

• pasty pink diarrhea

• diagnosis - bacterial culture, demonstration of the beta toxin in the intestinal contents by ELISA

• treatment - medicated feed, oral electrolytes, antitoxin

• prevention - hygiene, medicated feed, vaccination

Clostridium difficle enteritis (neonatal tyflocolitis)

• yellow pasty to watery diarrhea in piglets less than 7 days of age

• the colon is swollen with edema and the contents of the lage intestine is pasty to watery and yellow

• diagnosis - toxin detection by PCR or ELISA

• treatment - medicated feed, oral electrolytes antitoxin

• prevention - hygiene, vaccination, medicated feed

Salmonella choleraesuis

• all ages are affected

• necrotizing enterocolitis with rectal strictures

• septicemia/endotoxemia, cyanosis

• diagnosis - bacterial culture, serotyping by PCR

• treatment - isolation of affected animals injectable antibiotics, oral electrolytes

• prevention - biosecurity, medicated feed, vaccination

Swine dysentery - brachyspira hyodysenteriae

• colitis with watery, bloody diarrhea and death in growers and finishers

• diagnosis - bacterial culture from feces, fecal smear, PCR on feces

• treatment - antibiotics injection or oral

• prevention - biosecurity, medicated feed for the herd, no vaccines

Ileitis

• 4 forms

  • Porcine intestinal adenopathy (PIA)

  • regional ileitis (RI)

  • necrotic enteritis (NE)

  • proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy (PHE; bloody gut) - Massive bleeding into the small intestine, pale pigs, black tarry feces, sudden death

• lesions - hose-like thickening of the mucosa of the terminal ileum

transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE)

• coronavirus

• diarrhea and vomiting across all age groups

• severe watery diarrhea and more mortality in younger pigs

• lesions - distension of the small intestine with foamy, yellow, odoriferous fluid and milk curds. the intestinal wall is very thin and transparent

• improve immunity in pregnant sows and gilts by feeding them guts and gut contents of dead piglets

Streptococcus porcinus (Jowl abscesses)

• purulent lymphadenitis of head and neck in weaners and finishers

• external drainage of purulent exudate

• diagnosis - bacterial culture

• treatment - antibiotic injections

• prevention - biosecurity

Leptospirosis

• sows and gilts - abortions, stillbirths infertility

• weaners and growers - jaundice, acute death

• tx - medicated feed

• prevention - biosecurity, vaccinaiton

Brucellosis

• females - infertility, late-term abortions, stillbirths, weak piglets, vulval discharges

• boars - swollen testicles, infertility

• treatment - none

• prevention - biosecurity no vaccine for swine

Iron toxicity

• muscle necrosis and death within 24 hours after iron injection

• acute lameness within 2 hours after iron injection

• injection site become dark and swollen

• heavy breathing, pale

• lesions - muscles appear pale due to necrosis of the muscle fibers, myocardial infarction

Cryptorchidectomy

• retained testicles (ridgelings, one-nutters)

• important in show barrows due to mounting behavior

• very helpful to know which side is retained if animal is unilaterally castrated

• NEVER do a unilateral castration on a cryptochid and leave the undescended testicle

• testicle usually located dorsally between inguinal canal and kidney

• make 2-3 incision on a abdomen of pig on side of retained testicle

• feel for testicle within abdomen and exteriorize

• ligate spermatic cord

• close abdomen

Scrotal hernias

• hereditary condition ~1% incidence in industry

• often found at time of castration

• ddx - hydrocele, scirrous cord, hematoma

• treatment

  • taping method: 1 inch elasticon tape around legs in figure 8 pattern after castration (puts pressure on inguinal rings) remove tape in 4-5 days

• surgical correction

  • needs to be performed prior to castration

umbilical hernias / infected navels

• hernias often start with umbilical infection or abscess

• not hereditary

• only repaired in valuable animals

Disease organisms get to other farms by one of three ways 90% of the time what are those 3 things

• Vehicle

• poultry equipment

• people

• airborne transmission is not really a thing

What does every poultry place has no matter what

• Coccidiosis

What are the 3 foot baths

• 1st soapy water

• 2nd disinfectant

• 3rd soapy water

The development of an infectious disease depends on three variables:

• resistance of the bird

• virulence of the disease organism

• dosage of the organism

what is the egg really for?

• support the development of the chicken embryo

why is nutrient make-up ideal?

• it must contain everything needed from fertilization until after chick hatches

why developed as a food for humans

• cheap protein source

• ideal protein make-up

• tastes good

where does fertilization of the egg occur

• Infunidbulum

with the light method when do you know if the egg is fertilized or not

• if the yolk is high then not fertilized

• if fertilized the yolk would be at the bottom by the albumen

What does it look like in the yolk if it was fertilized

• appearance of a donut look in the embryo

• appearance of tissue development

infectious bursal disease

• an acute very contagious viral disease of young chickens characterized by destruction of immature lymphocytes in the BF and to a lesser extent in other lymphoid organs

• recognized in all poultry-producing areas of the world

• one of the most important diseases in concentrated broiler producing areas (often not recognized subclinical form)

• resistant to disinfectants and environmental factors

• can persist for months in contaminated houses

transmission of infectious bursal disease

• virus shed in feces

• feed, water, litter become contaminated

• infection by ingestion of virus

• easily transmitted (mechanically) between farms

subclinical form of infectious bursal disease

• infection of susceptible chickens less than 3 weeks of age:

  • no clinical signs, but permanent and severe immunosuppression

  • more economically important form

  • majority of field infections are subclinical

clinical form of infectious bursal disease

• infection of susceptible chickens 3-6+ weeks of age:

  • sudden onset, rapid increase in mortality

  • clinical signs include ruffled feathers, diarrhea, vent pecking, dehydration, trembling, depression, transient immunosuppression

infectious bursal disease lesions

• initially, the BF is swollen 2 to 4 days after infection

• appears inflamed, edematous and hyperemic, possibly hemorrhagic

• at 5 days bursa is normal in size

• after 5 days the BF diminishes in size rapidly (atrophies) grey in color

• hemorrhages may be present in thigh and pectoral muscles

• kidneys may be swollen

• severe cases - all follicles affected simultaneously

• less severe cases - scattered follicles affected spread to other follicles