Chapter 8- An Introduction to Metabolism

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32 Terms

1

what is metabolism

al the chemical reactions in an organism

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2

enzymes help regulate the ____ of metabolic pathways

rate/speed

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3

two types of metabolic pathways

catabolic and anabolic

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4

catabolic pathways characteristics

breakdown pathways, complex to simpler, spontaneous, exergonic, energy release, downhill reactions

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5

anabolic pathways characteristics

synthesis pathways, simple to complex, non-spontaneous, endergonic, consume energy, uphill reactions

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6

an organisms metabolism ___ matter and energy

transforms

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7

1st law of thermodynamics

principle of conservation of energy: energy can’t be created or destroyed, total energy of the universe is constant

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8

2nd law of thermodynamics

entropy (disorder): every energy transformation or transfer results in increasing entropy, as energy is transferred, more energy is wasted (unavailable for work)

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9

what is free energy

the portion of a systems energy available to perform work when the systems temperature and pressures are uniform

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10

exergonic reactions

energy outward, spontaneous reaction in which there is a net release of free energy

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11

endergonic reactions

energy inward, non-spontaneous reactions in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings

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12

reactions in an isolated system will naturally move toward ___

equilibrium

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13

equilibrium and cells

cells are never at equilibrium because of the constant flow of materials in and out of the cell, a cell at equilibrium is a dead cell

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14

energy source used to drive most types of cellular work

ATP

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15

hydrolysis of ATP to ADP

the bond between the final two phosphate groups is broken by hydrolysis, which produces ADP, exergonic reaction

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16

catalyst

a substance that can change the rate of a reaction without being altered in the process

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17

enzyme

a protein catalyst that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed

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18

bonds are broken and formed in ___

chemical reactions

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19

form bonds to break, ___

reactants must absorb energy from their surroundings

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20

activation energy

energy needed initially to reach transition state, in which bonds can be broken and from which the reaction can proceed

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21

how do enzymes speed up reactions

enzymes lower the activation energy, allowing the reaction to start sooner and proceed quicker

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22

how does temperature effect enzyme activity

each enzyme has an optimal temperature, too much heat breaks enzyme bonds and denatures it

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23

how does pH effect enzyme activity

enzymes have optimal pH between 6 and 8, the enzyme will denature if it goes above or beyond that

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24

cofactors

any non-protein molecule that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme

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25

coenzyme

a cofactor that is an organic molecule

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26

how is enzyme activity regulated

the cell switches on and off the genes that encode specific enzymes, or the cell regulates their activity once they are made

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27

substrate

the reactant that an enzyme acts on

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28

active site

region on an enzyme where the substrate binds

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29

competitive inhibitors

molecules that resemble the normal substrate and compete to bind to the active site

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noncompetitive inhibitors

inhibitors that bind to the other part of the enzyme causing it to change shape so the substrate can’t bind to the active site

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31

feedback inhibition

way in which metabolic pathways are regulated

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how does feedback inhibition work

end product shuts down pathways by binding to allosteric site, ATP can act as a feedback inhibitor

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