Sports Med Review Packet

Primary Functions of the Integumentary System

to protect body from external environment

Major Organs/Structures of the Integumentary System

Skin, hair, nails, glands

Primary Functions of Skeletal System

To provide support and structure for the body

Major Organs/Structures of the Skeletal System

Bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints, bone marrow

Primary Functions of Muscular System

Movement, body temp, homeostasis

Major Organs/Structures of the Muscular System

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissue

Primary Functions of the Nervous System

To facilitate communication between different parts of the body and brain, coordination, response to stimuli

Major Organs/Structures of the Nervous System

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

Primary Functions of the Endocrine System

Secretes the hormones that regulate body processes

Major Organs/Structures of the Endocrine System

Pancreas, ovaries/testes, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pineal gland

Primary Functions of the Cardiovascular System

Delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste throughout the body, temperature regulation

Major Organs/Structures of the Cardiovascular System

heart, arteries, veins, capillaries

Primary Functions of the Lymphatic System

Regulates fluid balance, holds immune cells that defend body from pathogens

Major Organs/Structures of the Lymphatic System

bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils

Primary Functions of the Respiratory System

Breathing, diffusion of oxygen and co2 with blood

Major Organs/Structures of the Respiratory System

Lungs, trachea, bronchi, larynx, pharynx, nose, diaphragm, bronchioles

Primary Functions of the Digestive System

Breaks down foods, absorbs nutrients

Major Organs/Structures of the Digestive System

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestine, rectum, anus, liver, pancreas, gall bladder

Primary Functions of the Urinary System

removes waste and excess fluid from blood, maintaining chemical balance

Major Organs/Structures of the Urinary System

kidneys, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, urethra

Primary Functions of the Reproductive System

reproduction of offspring

Major Organs/Structures of the Reproductive System

Female: Ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes

Male: testes, epididymis, urethra

-itis meaning

Ex: tendonitis meaning

inflammation of

inflammation of tendons

-logy meaning

Ex: biology meaning

study of

study of life

-algia meaning

Ex: myalgia meaning

pain

muscle pain

arthr- meaning

Ex: arthritis meaning

joint

joint inflammation

myo- meaning

Ex: myopathy meaning

muscle

muscle disease

neuro- meaning

Ex: neurology meaning

nerve

study of nerves

hyper- meaning

Ex: hypertension meaning

over/in excess

high blood pressure

hypo- meaning

Ex: hypoglycemia meaning

under/below

low blood sugar

brady- meaning

Ex: bradycardia meaning

slowness

slow heart rate

tachy- meaning

Ex: tachypnea meaning

fast

fast breathing

Acute

Sudden, rapid, quick injuries

Chronic

a condition or injury that develops slowly and lasts a long time (overuse)

Palpation

physical exam using fingers and hands to examine the body

Inflammation

body’s biological response of immune system to stimuli (ex: swelling of an area/tissues)

Sprain

stretching/tearing ligaments

Strain

injury to muscle (tension/stress/overuse)

Dislocation

joint forced out of normal position

Fracture

broken bone

Ecchymosis

skin injury when blood vessels burst and blood pools (not always from trauma)

Edema

swelling that occurs when fluid builds build up in tissues

Contusion

bruise, blood vessels break and bleed under skin caused by trauma

Anterior/Posterior

Front/Back

Superior/Inferior

closer to head/farther from head

Medial/Lateral

closer to midline/farther from midline

Proximal/Distal

Closer to point of attachment/farther from point of attachment

Superficial/Deep

closer to surface/farther inside body

Dorsal/Ventral

upper side(back)/belly side(front)

Cervical Region

Upper section of the spine (C1-C7)

Brachial region

Arm (shoulder to elbow)

Antebrachial region

Forearm (elbow to wrist)

Carpal region

Wrist

Thoracic region

Between neck and abdomen, thoracic spine (12 vertebrae), and thoracic cavity

Flexion

decreases angle of joint (ex: bending knee when preparing to jump)

Extension

Increase angle of a joint (ex: straightening the elbow after a pass)

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body (ex: lifting your arm away from your body)

Adduction

movement toward the midline of the body (ex: lowering arm back to your side)

Internal Rotation

rotation of limb toward midline (ex: rotating the shoulder inward, throw follow-through)

External Rotation

rotation of limb away from the midline (ex: rotating the shoulder outward, cocking phase)

Pronation

inward (ex: turning the palm down)

Supination

outward (ex: turning the palm up)

Inversion

movement of the sole of the foot inward (ex: rolling ankle inward, common sprain motion)

Eversion

movement of the sole of the foot outward (ex: rolling ankle outward)

Dorsiflexion

pointing foot upward (ex: lifting toes toward shin)

Plantarflexion

pointing foot downward (ex: pointing toes downward)

Valgus

distal segment angled away from midline (ex: knee collapsing inward (acl risk factor)

Varus

distal segment angled toward midline (ex: knee bowing outward)

Elevation

movement upward in the frontal plane (ex: shrugging shoulders)

Depression

movement downward in the frontal plane (ex: lowering shoulders after shrug)

Retraction

movement of a body part backward in the transverse plane (ex: Pulling shoulder blades together)

Protraction

movement of a body part forward in the transverse plane (ex: rounding shoulders forward)

Circumduction

limb moves in circular pattern (ex: making a circular motion with the arm)

Opposition

movement of thumb to touch each finger (ex: bringing your thumb to your pinky)

Acromion

Bone:

Attachment site for which muscles:

Scapula

deltoid, trapezius

Olecranon

Bone:

Attachment site for which muscles:

Ulna

triceps brachii, arconeus

Tibial Tuberosity

Bone:

Attachment site for which muscles:

Tibia

quadriceps femoris muscles

Greater Trochanter

Bone:

Attachment site for which muscles:

Femur

gluteus medius/minimus, piriformis, obturator internus, superior/inferior gemellus

Medial Malleolus

Bone:

Attachment site for which muscles:

tibia

tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus

Spine of Scapula

Bone:

Attachment site for which muscles:

scapula

trapezius, deltoid

Glenoid cavity

Bone:

Attachment site for which muscles:

scapula

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis

Medial epicondyle

Bone:

Attachment site for which muscles:

humerus

flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor carpi, pronator teres, palmaris longus, radialis/ulnaris

Ulnar styloid process

Bone:

Attachment site for which muscles:

Ulna

extensor carpi ulnaris

Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS)

Bone:

Attachment site for which muscles:

Pelvis

sartorius

Lateral Malleolus

Bone:

Attachment site for which muscles:

fibula

peroneus longus/brevis

Calcaneus (heel)

Bone:

Attachment site for which muscles:

foot

gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris

Base of 5th metatarsal

Bone:

Attachment site for which muscles:

foot

peroneus brevis/tertius

Manubrium

Bone:

Attachment site for which muscles:

sternum

pectoralis major

Xiphoid process

Bone:

Attachment site for which muscles:

sternum

rectus abdominis, external obliques, diaphragm