Key Concepts in Human Physiology and Biology 10

Internal intercostals

Muscles that contract to help with exhalation/expiration.

External intercostals

Muscles that contract to help with inhalation/inspiration.

Epinephrine & norepinephrine

Hormones that help generate the fight or flight response.

Basophils

The least numerous leukocyte, often referred to as 'Bananas'.

Secondary protein structure

Includes alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets.

Right lung

Larger lung; the left lung is smaller to make room for the heart.

Sympathetic nervous system

Causes the heart's beating pace to increase.

Parasympathetic nervous system

Causes the heart's beating pace to decrease.

Acetylcholine

Neurotransmitter used for preganglionic nerves in the PNS.

Epinephrine or norepinephrine

Neurotransmitter used for postganglionic nerves in the SNS.

Lysosomes

Organelles that break down nutrients, bacteria, and cell debris.

Platyhelminthes

One of the nine phyla that are acoelomate (lack a coelom).

Endoplasmic reticulum

Organelle that releases the Ca2+ seen during the slow block to polyspermy.

Animal pole

Darker pole in frog embryos; has less yolk than the vegetal pole.

SA node

Part of the heart that has the greatest automaticity.

FSH and LH

Peptide hormones that maintain the corpus luteum, released from the anterior pituitary.

Head

Portion of the sperm that contains the nucleus.

Skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump

Pumps that veins use to ensure blood reaches the heart.

Microtubules

Protein building block that makes up sperm cell's flagella.

Complement system

System of immunity that performs opsonization, tagging invaders for phagocytosis.

Left side of the heart

Stronger side of the heart compared to the right.

Integrins

Transmembrane proteins that connect the ECM to cells.

Use/disuse hypothesis

One of the two hypotheses proposed by Lamarck for his belief of evolution.

Inheritance of acquired traits hypothesis

The second hypothesis proposed by Lamarck for his belief of evolution.

-10 and -35 elements

Two elements present in bacterial promoters that help initiate transcription.

ADH and oxytocin

Two hypothalamic hormones stored and released by the posterior pituitary.

Hyaline cartilage

Type of cartilage that epiphyseal plates are composed of during adolescence.

Trophoblast and inner cell mass (ICM)

Two structures that result from further divisions and differentiation of the blastula.

Nematoda and rotifera

Two phyla that are considered pseudocoelomate.

Granzymes

Type of enzyme that are proteases and stimulate apoptosis.

Hydrolysis

Type of reaction that separates the amino acids of a polypeptide.

Insertion and deletion

Types of mutations that cause a frameshift mutation.

Arterioles

Vessels that have the greatest drop in blood pressure.

Importance of granzymes

They are important for stimulating apoptosis.

Telomeres

Not necessary in prokaryotes.

Detritivores

Worms and slugs are examples of detritivores.

Photosynthesis Equation

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

Aerobic Cellular Respiration Formula

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O

Fermentation

Without O₂ there would be no replenishing of NAD⁺ for glycolysis, therefore, fermentation occurs.

Facultatively Anaerobic

Yeast are facultatively anaerobic and reproduce asexually by budding.

Valves in Veins

Veins contain valves to ensure blood is flowing toward the heart.

Smooth Muscle

Smooth muscle is not striated because it lacks sarcomeres.

Gray Crescent

The gray crescent is gray because the cytoplasm of the dark animal pole mixes with that of the pale vegetal pole.

Dermal Papillae

Dermal papillae increase the surface area between the epidermis and dermis, enhancing oxygen and nutrient delivery.

Plasma in Capillaries

Plasma is forced out of the arterial end of a capillary due to high hydrostatic pressure.

Plasma Uptake in Capillaries

Plasma is taken up at the venous end of a capillary due to high oncotic pressure.

Tetany

Twitches blend together during tetany.

Rigor Mortis

Rigor mortis occurs in dead animals because no ATP is being produced, so cross-bridges cannot be released.

Histamine Function

Histamine's function is essential for allowing fluid and immune cells to leak out to the site of injury.

Genomic Imprinting

Genomic imprinting is distinct from sex-linked genes because the effect also occurs on autosomal chromosomes.

Transplant Rejections

Transplant rejections occur because different MHC 1 molecules will be labeled as a foreign antigen on the donor organ.

Stomata Closure at Night

Stomata close at night to prevent excessive water loss by transpiration.

Stomata Closure in High Temperature

Stomata close when temperature is high to prevent excessive water loss.

Hybrid Mortality

Hybrid mortality occurs because different species tend to have a different number of chromosomes, which do not pair correctly.

Oxygen Dissociation Curve

An increased pH (decreased H+ concentration) left-shifts the oxygen dissociation curve because not as many H+ are available to displace oxygen from hemoglobin.

Myoglobin Saturation

Myoglobin saturates with O2 more quickly than hemoglobin because it is a single peptide with one heme cofactor.

Blood Mixing in Four-Chambered Hearts

The blood does not mix in four-chambered hearts because there are two separate ventricles for deoxygenated and oxygenated blood.

Simple Diffusion of Gases

Simple diffusion of gases does not require energy because molecules move passively down their concentration gradient.

Acid Reflux

Acid reflux burns because the esophagus does not have mucous cells.

MHC Molecules

Different MHC 1 molecules will be labeled as a foreign antigen on the donor organ.

Left Side of the Heart

The left side of the heart is stronger than the right side due to systemic circulation and greater vascular resistance.

Sexual Selection

Sexual selection is a special case of natural selection because the traits that make for a more attractive mate could also signal predators.

Twitches in Tetany

Twitches blend together during tetany.