Counselling Psychology Test 1

counselling

understanding and overcoming a problem

psychotherapy

diagnosing and treating mental health disorders

laws are

the minimum standard of behavior

4

how many ethical code principles are there?

principle 1

respect others autonomy

principle 2

benefit others, do not harm

principle 3

be just, fair, and faithful

principle 4

responsibility to clients and society

informed consent

Formal action of consenting to counselling which serves as an agreement between all parties involved so they understand what will happen in counselling

competence

Possessing the knowledge, skills, and diligence required to effectively function and meet professional expectations and standards

only qualified individuals

who can assess and diagnose a client?

evidence based practices

Research-based treatments and interventions used in addressing and treating those who have various mental disorders

client rights

confidentiality

informed consent

be informed of findings

limits to confidentaility

Risk of harm to self or other (imminent)

Suspected child / vulnerable adult / elder abuse (past or present)

Court subpoena

Sexual abuse by a health professional (past or present)

Supervision/group practice

Client request of records

dual/multiple relationships

when counsellors assume multiple roles with a client

key points of becoming an effective multicultural counsellor

become aware of personal bias

seek ways to understand from clients POV

understand dynamics of oppression

possess knowledge

become responsible for educating clients ab therapeutic process

seek out training and education to grow in these areas

development

a process of growth that involves cognitive, physical, social, emotional, and personal needs

common factors

factors common to all therapeutic approaches

most important part of effective counselling is

the therapeutic alliance/relationship

demographic of effective therapist

clients don’t have any preference overall but many prefer congruence with themselves

personal therapy for counsellors benefits

1) as part of the therapist’s training, personal therapy offers a model of therapeutic practice in which the trainee observes a more experienced therapist at work and learns experientially what is helpful or not helpful.

(2) a beneficial experience in personal therapy can further enhance a therapist’s interpersonal skills, which are essential to skillfully practicing therapy.

(3) successful personal therapy can contribute to a therapist’s ability to deal with the ongoing stresses associated with clinical work

characteristics of successful clients

motivation

hope and optimism

client engagement

role induction

process of orienting clients to counselling so that they can comprehend and make good use of the therapeutic process – helps instill hope

therapeutic alliance

Quality and strength of the collaborative relationship between a client and a practitioner in counselling

Carl Rogers 3 main components of maintaining therapeutic alliance

empathy, unconditional positive regard, congruence

value imposition

refers to counsellors directly attempting to define a client’s values, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours

Freud

developer of psychoanalysis

intellectual giant

theory of psychodynamics

focus on the unconscious

key concepts of psychoanalysis

medical model

levels of consciousness

life/death instincts

personality structure (id, ego, superego)

psychosexual stages of development

defense mechanisms

conscious

Material in our minds that we are currently aware of

preconscious

Material in our minds that is readily accessible: e.g., memories, experiences

unconscious

Repressed memories, urges, drives, needs, and motivations that are out of awareness and impact us most

deterministic view of human nature

Our behaviour is determined by the interplay of various conscious and unconscious forces: including irrational forces, unconscious motivations, and biological and instinctual drives

instincts

Life Instincts (Eros) – oriented towards growth, development and creativity (includes but not limited to libido – sexual energy), includes all pleasurable acts

Serve the purpose of survival of the individual and the human race

Death Instincts (Thanatos) – oriented towards aggression and destruction of self and/or others

People manifest through their behaviour an unconscious wish to die or to hurt themselves or others

Managing aggressive drives is a major challenge for humans

ID

biological component of personality

EGO

psychological component of personality

SUPEREGO

social component of personality

Parts of the ID

Ruled by the Pleasure Principle

Reduce tension, avoid pain, gain pleasure

Illogical, amoral, driven to satisfy instinctual needs

The original system of personality: at birth the person is all ID

Primary source of personality and the seat of the instincts

parts of the ego

Ruled by the Reality Principle

Realistic and logical thinking

Has contact with the external world of reality

Governs, controls, and regulates personality

Checks and controls the blind impulses of the ID

parts of the superego

Ruled by the Moral Principle

The judicial branch of personality

Main concern is whether an action is right or wrong

Seeks Perfection; Represents the ideal rather than the real

Internalization of moral standards of parents and society

Related to psychological rewards and punishments

Rewards with feelings of pride and self-love, punishes with feelings of guilt and inferiority

eriksons psychosocial stages

basic psychological and social tasks to be mastered from infancy through old age

freuds theory of development of anxiety

The EGO is in constant conflict with the ID, SUPEREGO and reality

If the Ego gives into the Id’s demands, the Superego punishes the Ego with guilt

If the Ego does not give into the Id, then the person experiences constant pressure until an outlet is found

reality anxiety

fear of danger from external world; proportionate to actual threat

neurotic anxiety

fear of instincts getting out of hand, “I will do something I will get punished for”

moral anxiety

fear of one’s own conscience; guilty feelings from violating one’s own moral code

2 characteristics of defense mechanisms

They either deny or distort reality

They operate on an unconsciousness level

repression

subconsciously blocking ideas or impulses that are undesirable

denial

dismissing external reality and instead focusing on internal explanations or fallacies (thereby avoiding the uncomfortable reality of a situation)

projection

displacing unwanted feelings onto another person, where they then appear as a threat from the external world

displacement

transferring one's emotional burden or emotional reaction from one entity to another

regression

seemingly returning to an earlier developmental stage

sublimation

redirects energy from an unacceptable impulse or emotion into a more socially acceptable one

Carl Rogers

developer of person-centered therapy

considered a phenomenoligist

conducted first research done on psychotherapy

person centered therapy

what is the basis of therapy as we know it

Psychanalysis and behaviourism

what came before PCT?

PCT Challenges

The assumption that “the counsellor knows best”

The validity of advice, suggestion, persuasion, teaching, diagnosis, and interpretation

The belief that clients cannot understand and resolve their own problems without direct help

PCT Emphasizes

Therapy as a journey shared by two fallible people

The person’s innate striving for self-actualization

The personal characteristics of the therapist and the quality of the therapeutic relationship

The counsellor’s creation of a “growth-promoting” climate

That people are capable of self-directed growth, if involved in a therapeutic relationship

key concepts of person-centered therapy

all people are good

people want to be self-actualized

people have an innate need towards growth

maslows hierarchy of needs parts

physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, self actualization

fully functioning person

Awareness and acceptance of innermost feelings and desires

conditions of worth

Judgmental and critical messages; expectation that people must act a certain way to be loved

conditional positive regard

People only receive praise and attention when they act in accordance with expectations

congruence

Genuineness and well-integrated

Congruence is characterized by the match of one’s outward responses with one’s internal experience

Inner and outer selves are consistent

self disclosure

– must be helpful to client:

Disclosing personal identity/experiences of the therapist

Disclosing emotional responses

empathy

Ability to see the world through the client’s eyes and to communicate this understanding

Characterized as a deep level of understanding of the subjective experience of the individual from their point of view

6 conditions that facilitate personality change

1) A relationship exists

2) Clients are in a state of incongruence

3) Therapist is congruent in the relationship

4) Therapist experiences unconditional positive regard for client

5) Therapist expresses empathy to client

6) The therapist’s empathy, unconditional positive regard, and genuineness is perceived by the client

PCT therapist characteristics

Is personable, genuine, supportive, integrated, empathic and authentic

These qualities encourage clients to open up

Can openly express feelings and attitudes that are present in the relationship with the client

Serves as a model of a human being struggling toward greater realness

pct therapeutic techniques

empathic reflections, paraphrasing, active listening, facilitative conditions, clients take the lead

3 steps in empathetic responding

therapist understands clients feelings

therapist accurately express those feelings to the client

client recognizes the empathy

active listening components

paraphrasing, verbalizing emotions, asking, summarizing, clarifying, encouraging, balancing

experiential focusing

clients are asked to non judgementally observe feelings and experiences in their body

when they notice a sensation they can access info and connect to the present moment

somatic feeling is “felt sense”

motivational interviewing

A humanistic, client-centered, psychosocial, directive counselling approach developed by William R. Miller and Stephen Rollnick in the early 1980s

Applied to many clinical problems but was initially designed as a brief intervention for problem drinking

Both MI and person-centered practitioners believe in the client’s abilities, strengths, resources, and competencies.

basic principles of motivational interviewing

Therapists strive to experience the world from the client’s perspective without judgment or criticism

Deliberately directive and aimed at reducing client ambivalence about change and increasing intrinsic motivation

Strengthening clients’ commitment to change and assist them in implementing a change plan

Assist clients to become their own advocates for change and primary agents of change

Therapists support clients’ self-efficacy

Evoke and explore both discrepancies and ambivalence

stages of change

precontemplation stage

contemplation stage

preparation stage

action stage

maintenance stage

nondirective counselling

main role of therapists is to help people express and gain insight into their emotions and experiences

client centered therapy

that counselling should not be completely nondirective

psychodynamic therapy goals

balance superego and id

increase adaptive functioning

make unconscious motives conscious

create a personality change

achieve insight

blank screen approach

Anonymous stance therapists take on to facilitate transference

transferrence

Clients project onto the therapist the characteristics of another individual, usually a parent or caregiver and react to the therapist as though the therapist really does possess those characteristics

working through

repetitive and elaborate explorations of unconscious material (originated in early childhood) and defense mechanism; strengthens the ego

Three stages of working through a transference:

1) Elicit repressed material

2) The original dysfunctional pattern re-emerges, now in terms of the transference to the therapist

3) The origins of the transference are understood and resolved, which helps client relate in healthier ways (because ego is strengthened)

countertransferrence

The therapist’s feelings about the client

The reaction of the therapist toward the client that may interfere with objectivity

free association

clients say whatever comes to mind and therapists point out omissions, discrepancies, and excesses (to tap into unconscious

interpretation

Elucidating the unconscious meaning behind the conscious statements

psychoanalysis

Process of exploring and understanding the unconscious representations in the material people present in counselling

dream analysis

Process of exploring the manifest and latent content of dreams to discover clues into the unconscious

Manifest content: Actual content of dream

Latent content: Underlying meanings and patterns of dream

abreaction

Recalling a painful experience that had been repressed and working through that painful experience and the conflicts it created by reliving in memory the experience and its associated emotion

resistance

blocking of counselling progress and involves clients ceasing to discuss, address, think about, or accept an interpretation from a therapist

manifest content

actual content of a dream

latent content

underlying meanings and patterns of dreams

abreaction

Recalling a painful experience that had been repressed and working through that painful experience and conflicts created by reliving it

exposure

what is abreaction called today?

current use of psychoanalysis

most likely to benefit people with neurosis and mild/moderate psychopathology

limited application due to extensive resources

strengths of psychoanalysis

1st talk therapy created

1st to talk about childhoods impacts on us as adults

promotes insight for therapists

challenges of psychoanalysis

time consuming

costly

limited research supports it

harmful ideas about women

more concerned with long term personality change

minimizes the role environment plays