Approaches to Researching Behavior Notes

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49 Terms

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Quantitative

Research methodology that involves the use of numerical data and statistical analysis.

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Operationalization

The process of defining and quantifying variables that cannot be directly measured.

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Construct

A theoretically identifiable variable that needs to be operationalized in quantitative studies.

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Experimental Studies

Studies that involve manipulating an independent variable to observe its effect on a dependent variable.

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Correlational Studies

Studies that measure the relationship between variables without manipulating them.

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Descriptive Studies

Studies that focus on individual variables separately and do not investigate relationships between variables.

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Independent Variable

The variable that is manipulated by the researcher to observe its effect on the dependent variable.

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Dependent Variable

The variable that changes as a result of the manipulation of the independent variable.

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Control Variables

Variables that are kept constant throughout the experiment to eliminate their potential influence on the dependent variable.

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Confounding Variables

Variables other than the independent variable that may affect the dependent variable and confound the results.

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Sampling

The process of selecting a group of participants for a study.

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Sample

The group of people participating in the experiment.

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Target Population

The group of people to which the findings of the study are expected to be generalized.

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Random Sampling

Participants are chosen at random, giving everyone an equal chance of being selected.

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Stratified Sampling

Participants are chosen based on the proportions of people in the target population.

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Convenience Sampling

Participants who are easily available are chosen for the study.

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Self-Selected Sampling

Participants who voluntarily respond to an ad are chosen for the study.

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Experimental Designs

Different designs used in experiments to compare groups or conditions.

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Independent Measures Design

Participants are randomly assigned to different groups and each group goes through different trials.

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Matched Pairs Design

Participants are matched based on certain characteristics and then assigned to different groups.

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Repeated Measure Design

The same group of participants is exposed to multiple conditions and the conditions are compared.

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Threats to Internal Validity

Factors that may affect the validity of the experiment's results.

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Selection

Occurs when groups are not equivalent at the start of the experiment, potentially influencing the results.

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History

Refers to outside events that may influence the dependent variable during the course of the experiment.

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Maturation

Natural developmental processes that participants go through during the experiment, such as fatigue or growth.

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Testing Effect

The first measurement of the dependent variable may affect subsequent measurements.

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Instrumentation

Changes in the instrument used to measure the dependent variable between measurements.

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Regression to the Mean

The tendency for extreme scores to move closer to the average in subsequent measurements.

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Experiment Mortality

Participants dropping out of the experiment before it is completed.

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Demand Characteristics

Participants changing their behavior subconsciously based on their understanding of the experiment's purpose.

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Experimenter Bias

The unintentional influence of the researcher on the results of the study.

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True Lab Experiment

An experiment conducted in a controlled laboratory setting where the independent variable is manipulated by the researcher.

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True Field Experiment

An experiment conducted in a real-life setting where the independent variable is manipulated by the researcher.

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Natural Experiment

An experiment where the independent variable is manipulated by nature in a real-life setting.

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Quasi-Experiment

An experiment where the independent variable is not manipulated, but rather pre-existing differences are observed.

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Triangulation

The use of multiple methods, data sources, researchers, or theories to strengthen the validity of the research.

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Rapport

The establishment of a good relationship between the researcher and participants to ensure honest responses.

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Iterative Questioning

The process of spotting ambiguous answers and returning to the topic later while rephrasing the question.

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Reflexivity

The researcher reflecting on their own biases and how they may have influenced the observations or interpretations.

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Credibility Checks

Checking the accuracy of data by asking participants to confirm the accuracy of transcripts or field notes.

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Thick Descriptions

Providing detailed explanations of observed behavior and the context in which it occurred.

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Biases in Qualitative Research

Potential biases that may affect the validity of qualitative research.

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Participant Bias

Biases that participants may exhibit during the research process.

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Researcher Bias

Biases that researchers may unintentionally introduce into the research process.

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Types of Sampling

Different approaches to selecting participants for a study.

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Quota Sampling

Determining the number of participants and their characteristics before the start of the research.

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Purposive Sampling

Recruiting participants based on pre-defined characteristics.

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Theoretical Sampling

Sampling until data saturation is reached, focusing on specific theoretical concepts.

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Snowball Sampling

Inviting a small number of participants who then invite others