History Test - World War Two

Treaty of Versailles and its impact on germany

the treaty ended ww1 and imposed harsh things on germnay: full responsibility for ww1, massive finciall reparations to allies, lost terrioiry, demiliarization.

it did not create peace, only economic prolems and political resentment. Hitler promised to restore peace and german honor, leading to the rise of Nazism and start of WW2

reparations

compensation in money, makes amends for war crimes to compensate for destruction. Axis powers gave reparations to allies for the losses and damages from war.

leauge of nations

• international organization made to prevent war with collective secuirty, etc

• failed during ww2 with no army, no US, and many powers leaving.

• did not effectivly act in Manchuria

dictators

• someone with total power over a country, normally who obtains control by force

• hitler was dictator of germany

• mussolini of italy

• stalin of soviet union

joseph stalin

• dictator of soviet untion from 1924-1953

• allied leader

• before the war, he transformed the USSR from a poor society to an industrial superpower with his five year plans

• however, he used terror, brutality, and labot camps to force industrialization

communism

refers to the economic system that Karl Marx believed was the inevitable successor to capitalism.

• all property publiscally owned

• everyone works and is paid to their ablities and needs

• there is no social class.

• govt controls all means of production.

• no private ownership

benito mussolini

• dictator of itatly

• april 28, 1945 execute by angry mob and hanged for public display

• facism in itatly, worked with germnay in ww2

fasicsm

• far right political ideology

• authoritation, dictators, supperession of oppostion

• individuals pushed aside, good of the nation prioritized

• nationalism, miliatrism, and imperialism

• new and modern society with “national glory”

adolf hitler

• dictator of germany and leader of the nazi party

• april 30, 1945, he commits suicide

• may 8 germnay surrenders

nazism

• totalitarian political ideology

• philiosophy of hitler and the nazi pary in germney who had control 1933-45

• exterme form of fascism with nationalism and racial heiracry

• they believed in a “master race” which was aryan

• antisemitic, believing jewish people were inferior

appeasement

political policy of concealing an aggressive power in order to avoide conflict

Sudentenland (1938)

• border region of Czecholslovakia where over 3 million ethnic german people lived

• munich aggrement allowed germany to take it without consent from czecholslovkia

• german troops occupied the region and the abandonment of czecholslovika fialed to stop Hitler and he took the rest of the contry, then invaded poland

• shows appeasment brings more aggression

• germany taking foreign nations terriroiry

Rhineland (1936)

• region in western germnay bordering france and belgium

• through treay of versaills, it was demilitatized to be a secure place for france

• hilter moved troops there breaking the treaty

• britan and france did not take action, fearing war, allowing hitler to continue aggression

• first violation post ww1 aggreemtns

• german violation of a border zone

neville chamberlain

• PM of UK from 1937-40

• appeasment towards germnay which failed in preventing WW2

• he thought he got “peace for our time”

• hitler broke promise and invaded poland, no chamberlain declared war sep 3, 1939

• he resigned 1940 allowing churchill to take over

• even thought his tactics failed, it still gave britain time to prepare

munich aggreement

• 1938

• italy, france, great britain, germany

• allies follow appeasment

• hitler promise to halt expasion

• chamberlian thinks “peace for out time”

• hitler signs secrest russian-germany treaty of non-aggression (Aug 1939)

nazi-soviet pact

• ten year non aggresion treaty between nazi germany and soveit untion

• they aggreed to not attack each other even though they were enemies

• mutal stratigic advantages that directly facilitated start of ww2

• allowed hitler to invade poland

• pact ended when germany invaded soviet union (operation barbarossa), bringing the soviet union into war with allies

emperor hirohito

• head of state in japan during ww2

• he approved miliaty actions

• after atomic bombs he surrended for japan

• after war, he stayed on the throne but not as a god, more of a figuredhead with political power

japanese imperialsm (1918-37)

• meiji resoration: japanese studied ways of the west and adopted certain things to meet thier needs

• japan needed resources off the island anf there was gloabal competition, so they became an imperial nation

What date did nazi germnay invade poland to regain terriorty and rule their negiobor in the east.

on sep 1, 1939.

it prompted britain and france to declare war on germnay two days later

axis powers

• italy (mussolini)

• germany (hitler)

• japan (hirohito)

allies

• great britain (chamberlian then churchill)

• US (FDR then truman)

• soviet union (stalin)

• china

• france

manchuria

• manchurian incident and japanese agresstion: a group of miliaty leaders stationined in northeastern china, in a region called manchuria who were there to protect a japansese railway wanted full control over the region

• sep 18, 1931: japanese denoted dysnamite close to section of japanese railway and blamed in on the chinese

• ussed the explsion as an excue to moblize their army, invade all of manchuria and rule the region

• six months later, manchuria became manchukuo, a japnese territory

effects of manchuria

• chinese ask LON to condem the act and stop the japanese, but LON does not act

• japan left LON

• showed weakness of LON

• japanss miliaty industical machiee went intto high gear, getting them out of economic depressio

• continued japanese expansion

• the west (US) became concerned over japans increased aggression

Nanking massacre

• 1937-japan invades china

• mass executions and sexual violence of tens of thousands of chinese citizens

• aerail bombing of urban center

• 400,000 chinese massacred

• 1/3 of homes destroyed

• 7000 women raped

Blitzkrieg

• “lighting war” startegy

• air forces soften up targer, armoured divsions rush in

• blitz

“Keep calm and carry on”

• slogan and poster designed by britain in 1939 after the start of ww2

• it has created to prevent panic from citizens and to help them keep calm composore even under blitzkrieg

Lebenstrum

• Levenstraum (“living space”

• opeeration barbarossa-germnay invades USSR

• hilter used this concept to justify germanys expanion into eastern europe

• they said they need land, space, and resources for the aryan race

• racial superiorty, violence, forcing people out of terriorty

battle of staingrad

• operation barbarossa

• june 22, 1942, hitler double crosses stalin and invades USSR

• stalin is caught off gurrd

• sever winter, long supply lines weakened german efforts

• soviets regroup and attack spring of ‘42

• turning point is the battle of stalingrade

• decisive russian victory

• enourmous losses

• 1.7-2 mill on both sides, soliders and civilians

• red army (USS) gains offensive

• britiah and US forces attack north africa and italy

what date is pearl harbor

peral harbor is december 7,1941

• japanese forces surpirsed the US naval base at pearl harbor, killing 2400 americans and weaking their naval streghth

• “date which will live in infamy” -FDR

• brought US into war, they declared war on japan next day

kamikaze

• us takes offensive, island hopping staregy

• iwo jima and okinwa

• japanese kamikaze suicide bombers

• savage 2 month battle for okinwa

D-Day

• code name for June 6, 1944

• US, British and Canadian forces invade german occupied france

• land on 5 beaches (normandy is one) over 50 miles

• 3000 landing craft

• 2500 ships

• 500 naval vessels

• largest amphibious invasion in histroy

importance of D-day

forces germany to fight a 2 front war

considered the beginning of the end of war in europe (11 months later germany falls)

japanese “internment”

• forced recolation and confinment of over 120,000 people of japanese descent, many us citizens

• detention camps in western US, forced by executive order 9066

• this happened due to aftermath of peral harbor which made US fear espionage and sabotage worrying that japanese people were risks

• nisei (US citizens of japanese descent)

• issei (japanese immigrants)

• leave homes on short notice

• lived in barracks/”relocation centers” in isolated places

• surrounded by barbed wire and armed guards

• in 1988, congress apoliogixed and gave $20,000 to any survivors

Rosie the riveter

• 1943

• iconic symbol for the 6 mil womrn in the workforce

douglas macarthur

• us army general who commanded allied forces in sourthwest pacific

• isalnd hopping stargety, allwoing allied forces to get through japanese land

dwight d eisenhower

• US army general who planned and executed Dday invation of normany and led allied forces to victory in europe

• later in 34 us president

role of women

• 1940-45: women in us workforce went from 27% to 37%

• 1945-nearly ¼ married women worked outside the home

cash and carry

• 1939 US foreigh poicity allowing warring nations (britain and france) to buy american war materials if they paid immediatly in csh and transported the good on their own ships

• it allowed US to boost its economy which aiding the allies

lend and lease program

• 1941 polcity that allowed US to supply allies with war materials( like weapons, food , etc) without requiring immdiate payment

• suupoorted the allies, over 50 billion to over 40 nations

• ended us neutrailty and allowed allis to continue fighting before US officially entered war

FDR

• 32nd pres of US

• lead US throgugh most of war

• brought them into war after first remaining netural

• gave speech of congress after peral harbor, bringing US to war

• worked with churchill and stalin and kept the us strong in economic, political, and miliaty power

tuskegee airmen

• the first african american miliaty aviators in us army air forces

• trained at tuckegee uni in alabama

• faced segration and discrimination

• huge impact:destoyed over 260 ememeny aircrafe

• helped lead to the desgration of us miliaty in 1948

navajo code talkers

• turning the tide: US code breaking discovers japanese plans

• us marine crops radio operators using their complwz and unwrriten indeigous languanges to create unbreakable and efficient communication code

• transmitted battlefireld tacitcs and troop movemnts that japan could not descifer, greaty helped allies

harry s truman

• 33rd us pres

• conclued ww2 after takiing office after FDRs death

• authorized atomic bombings which made japan surrender

atomic bombs

• us fires bombs tokyo, march 1945, 100,000 killed, 25 % buidings destoyed

• need to end war

• Oppenheimar and the Manhattan Project create atomic bombs to end war

hiroshima and nagasaki

• atomic bombs are dropped her, aug 1945

• emperer hirhito surrenders unconditionally on sep 2, 1945

nuremberg trials

• trials helf in nuremberg germany to prosecute high ranking nazis who commited crimes during ww2 and the holocuast

• conducted by allied powers holding nazis accountable

yalta and potsdam confernce

• US,USSR, great britain were unnatural allies during war, tensions submerged until close of war

• 1945

• stalin, churchine, roosevelt

• split germnay into 4 occuopied zones

• truemn didn;t tell stalin that us had A-bombs = tention

• 1946: “iron curtain” descens- says churchill

deaths from war

• total 50-80 mil

• 20 mil from USSR

• 15 mil from chine

• 6 mil jewish people

• .3 mil from US

• 4 mil ffrom germnay

cities destoyred

• 50 mill uprooted from home

• london in ruins, 60k dead from german bombings

• warsaw, polanf almost wiped off earth

• berli, 25 tons allied bombs, 95% city destoyed

aftermath of misery

• no water, food, electrlity, homes, jobs, shoes, or coats

• millions wandering europe

• transpotation systems destroyed

• famine - not enought farmers of trains to get food to cities

• 4000 citizens died a die in berlian, bararted for pototaes, spread diseacse

postwar govt and politics

• german and italin govts destroyed

• vichy govt (franace 1940-44) - collaborated w nazis, old leadership in disgrace

• france and italy, intirally communist

impacts on japan

• aug 15, 1945 - japan surrenders some miliaty commanders keep fighting for 2 weeks

• emperoer hirohito warns of total destruction if japan continues

• us occupies japan (1945-52) and demilitarizes japan

• cities destroyed: toyko, hiroshima, nagasaki

• stiped of colonies

poliitics post war in japan

• us creates new japanese consituition

• parlimentary govt, challengs japan belif that emperor is a god

• empeoror now a constituional monarcy - a figurhead

• any one, including women, over 20 can vote

• huge landlord owned estates put into hands of workers, labor untion legalized

• us send 2 billion in air but bitter over peral harbor

NATO and warsaw pact establised

• militarization of cold war

• NATO=north atlantic treaty organization, US and western europe

• Warsaw pact = soviet untion and eastern europe

the marshall plan

• US sec of state, geroege c marshall

• propsed in 1947, 13 billion to recountest western eurpoe

• the UN formed in 1945 to tesolve international disputes