Abeka Chemistry 11 -- 12.3 - 12.4

concentration

an expression of the quantity of solute present in a given quantity of solution

molarity

number of moles of solute per liter of solution

solutions are prepared by diluting a more concentrated stock solution to the desired concentration

(add water)

moles solute =

volume x molarity

molality

number of moles of solute per kilogram of solution

colligative property

any property that depends on the number of particles and not the identity or properties of the particles

vapor pressure

the pressure exerted by the vapor when a liquid phase and vapor phase are in equilibrium

nonvolatile

not easily vaporized

boiling point elevation

the boiling point of a liquid will be higher when another compound is added, meaning that a solution has a higher boiling point than a pure solvent

freezing point depression

the process in which adding a solute to a solvent decreases the freezing point of the solvent.

nonelectrolytes

substances that do not ionize or dissociate in aqueous solutions to produce ions that can conduct an electric current

electrolyes

compounds that dissolve in water to produce ions that can conduct an electrical current

semipermeable membranes

a membrane that allows some molecules to pass through but does not allow other molecules to pass through

osmosis

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

osmotic pressure

the pressure exerted by a solution necessary to prevent osmosis into that solution when it is separated from the pure solvent by a semipermeable membrane