trade and exploration (aid and trade as exploitation in the 19th century) in the

Opium trade with china (britain’s justification)

Late 18th and early 19th century - Imperialism (attitudes)

Lin Zexu

William Gladstone’s perspective (parlimentarian and future prime minister) - OPPOSITION

First opium war

Second opium war

France Involvement

treaty of nanjing

the arrow incident

how did unequal treaties encourage the taiping rebellion (internal unrest)

Impact of unequal treaties

Societal impacts of opium on china

Qing dynasty - attitudes

With attitudes similar to that of Lin Zexu’s.

What are the perspectives of chinese historians?

Chinese historians view the Opium Wars as the start of the "Century of Humiliation" (1839-1949) because they marked the beginning of a period when foreign powers dominated Chinese affairs, forced unequal treaties upon China, and undermined Chinese sovereignty - a pattern of foreign control that continued for over a century.