10th grade History Unit 2

Island of Hispaniola

-Second largest island in the Carribean -First indigenous people to come in contact with columbus

-Columbus's ship hit land on the island of Hispaniola  -Columbus forced the Tainos to do forced labor and tried taking over the island

Tainos

-Indigenous peoples who lived in the Caribbean -First indigenous people to come in contact with Columbus

-Had modern civilization (harvested, used boats, etc.) -Tianos treated Columbus with kindness and welcomed him -King of Tainos gave Columbus a crown -Became sick and tired and many died because of intense labor (some killed themselves)

Christopher Columbus

-Italian explorer  -discovered the americas

-Given a crown when arrived in Island of Hispaniola which he thought gave him power -Took over the island of Hispaniola and forced natives to do labor for his own good

Bartolome de las Casas

-Spanish colonist shocked by how other Spanish treated the indigenous populations -He later became a monk and wrote about atrocities committed by the spanish

-Later became a monk and wrote about the extremes and atrocities committed by the spanish

Guacanagari

-Tiano leader -Welcomed Colubus

-Welcomed Columbus to his land

Anacaona

-Taiano leader -Resisted Spanish demand for labor

-Resisted spanish demand for labor -Fled to the mountains

Cacique

-Leader of indigenous group of people (position)

-Led Tianos and kept everything in order

Enriques rebellion

-Tiano who led the rebellion against spanish rule

-Spanish finally agreed to guarantee freedom for Enrique and his followers -Huge population decrease

Gold

-The most precious metal mined at this time

-Colombus poorly treated the Tainos just because he wanted to wealth from the valuable gold

Sugar

-Sweetenter thats popularity has grown and is in high demand

-High demand because more and more people put it in their tea, coffee, etc.

Treaty of Ryswick

-Signed in 1697 -Series of small treaties -Singed in a Dutch city

-Ended the 9 year war between France and the great alliance

Santo Domingo

-The capital of the Dominican Republic

-Spanish controlled this part of the island -Revolution did not happen here

Saint Domingue

-Haiti nowadays

-Revolution happened here, on the French side

The transatlantic slave trade

-A forced mass migration of slaves (13 million) from Africa to America

-Children, men, and women were captured and brought to the Americas from Africa (fed into slavery and forced labor)

White planters (grand blanc)

-owned huge plantations  -Had the most power and influence on the farm -Wealththeiest and have the highest role

-The successful system they had set up brought a lot of money into the economy

Affranchis/ mixed race populations

-Have the middle role (not white panthers or slaves)

-They could buy their freedom from enslavement

Sugar plantations

-Agriculture estate where they grow and harvest just sugar

-Produced majority of the sugar that is supplying the growing demand  -Where the slaves work

The French Revolution

-Politican change in France from 1789-1799

-Introduced democratic ideas -Got rid of feudalism

Voodoo

-A complex spirit religion

-Unified slaves who came from all different cultures by various rituals and beliefs

Bois Caiman ceremony

-Religious ritual  to fight against oppression and slavery

-Marked the political and spiritual beginning of the Haitian revolution

Boukman Duty

-Led Bois Caiman ceremony  -Was a Voodoo priest  -Was an enslaved African

-Sparked the Haitian revolution -Fought against slavery and rights

Toussaint L’Ouverture

-Was a slave but got free and became a military and political leader

-Turned the chaotic slave revolt into an organized movement which was successful

Sonthonax

-French commissioner   -Went to Santo Domingo and was sent by the French

-Abolished slavery in Santo Domingo

Jean Jacques Dessalines

-First Haitian emperor -Born enslaved, became a top general under Toussaint’s rule, took Toussaint’s spot after he was captured

-Finalized Haiti's fight for independence

Napoleon Bonaparte

-French leader

-Tried to bring slavery back and sent large military forces to Santo Domingo

1804

-Haiti declared its independence (January 1st, 1804)

-It was the only revolution where the slaves successfully overthrew the higher powers

Three Estates

Social classes before the revolution in France (Clergy, Nobility, 3rd estate)

The three estates system created big social and economic inequality in France

Bourgeoisie

Middle class (of the 3rd estate) which included merchants, lawyers, doctors, bankers, etc.

Their frustration over their lack of social status sparked the French revolution which led to equality.

Cahiers de doleance

French for “lists of grievances” and were notebooks compiled in 1789 by each of the 3 estates.

Gave ordinary people a voice, allowing all 3 estates (including the 3rd estate) to express their frustrations about taxes and inequality.

Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen

Document of the french revolution that stated the natural rights and freedoms of all men.

It marked a major step toward human rights.

The Enlightenment

A movement that spread across Europe during the 17th and 18th century. The movement promoted reason, science, and equality.

It inspired revolutions that shaped modern democratic and human rights ideals.

The calling of the Estates general

Refers to King Louis XVI’s decision in 1789 to summon the Estates General. Called to address France’s financial crisis.

First meeting of the estates general since 1614, showing how desperate the situation has become. Starting point of the french revolution.

Versailles

Refers to the palace of Versailles, a huge royal residence built by King  Louis XVI, and was the center of political power in France.

Symbol of absolute monarchy and represented the power, wealth, and control of the French kings.

King Louis XVI

King of France from 1774-1792 and married to Marie Antoinette.

Struggled to deal with France’s financial crisis (weak leadership) and started the French revolution by calling the estates general.

American Revolution

(1775-1783) was a war of independence fought by the 13 American colonies against Great Britain.

It led to the independence of the United States and inspired democratic movements worldwide.

Tennis Court Oath

Pledge by the 3rd estate to draft a constitution.

Marked the first collective stand against royal authority and the beginning of the French revolution.

National Assembly

The 3rd estates revolutionary body that challenged royal authority.

It gave the 3rd estate and ordinary citizens a voice, and was a big cause of the french revolution.

Storming of the Bastille

Parisians attacked the Bastille prison in Paris, and the crowd sought weapons and gunpowder that was stored there.

Symbolic start of the french revolution, was the end of absolute authority, and symbolized the people's revolt against tyranny and inspired nationwide revolutionary change.

Jean Paul Marat/The Death of Marat

Jean-Paul Marat was a radical revolutionary leader who was assassinated.

The Death of Marat immortalized him as a symbol of the French revolutions ideals and struggles.

Women’s March to Versailles

Thousands of Parisian women, frustrated by high bread prices and food shortages, marched to the palace of Versailles.

It forced the royal family to move to Paris, and symbolized popular influence on politics and strengthening the french revolution.

1st French Constitution and the Legislative Assembly

It was the first French constitution, and the legislative assembly was the first elected body under this constitution.

Created a limited monarchy and equality, and the legislative assembly highlighted political divisions and moved France closer to a republic.

National Convention and the first French Republic

The National Convention was a revolutionary assembly. The first French republic was a government  created by the Convention.

The National Convention abolished monarchy and governed France during its radical phase. The first French republic represented France as a republic without a king and also introduced revolutionary changes.

Maximilen Robespierre

French lawyer and politician who led the committee of public safety.

He promoted equality and democracy, and his execution marked the fall of terror.

Reign of Terror

A violent period during the French Revolution when the government used mass executions to eliminate enemies.

Defend the french revolution from enemies.

The guillotine

A device used to execute people by beheading during the French revolution.

Symbolized the reign of terror and was seen as a more humane and equal way for execution because this was used on everyone.

The Directory

A 5 member government that ruled France after the fall of Robespierre's.

Marked a shift from a radical government to a more moderate government.

Coup d’etat

A sudden change and overthrow in government power by a small group, usually using the military.

It lets people take power quickly without an election.

Napoleon

A French military leader and emperor who rose to power after the french revolution.

Be brought order to France and made fairer laws.

the Consulate

The government was set up by Napoleon after he took power.

It gave Napoleon power over all of France and he brought stability after the revolution.

Lecture on Haiti

A speech Friedrich Douglas made where he praised Haiti for winning freedom from slavery.

It honors Haiti's freedom and shows why black people's struggles for equality matter.