Bio unit 1

Cytoskeleton

The network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm

Emergent Properties

______ ______ result from the arrangement and interaction of parts within a system.

Reductionism

______ is the reduction of complex systems into simpler components that are more manageable to study. (For example, the molecular structure of DNA)

System

A ______ is a combination of components that function together.

Systems Biology

The three approaches to studying biology are:

a. Reductionism

b. Emergent Properties

c. _______ _______

Community

Tissue

Molecule

The levels at which biology can be studied (Largest to Smallest):

1. Biosphere

2. Ecosystem

3. ______

4. Population

5. Organism

6. Organ System

7. Organ

8. ______

9. Cell

10. Organelle

a subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell,

12. Atom

the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an element.

Homeostasis

_____ is the regulation of the internal environment to maintain a constant state; for example, electrolyte concentration or sweating to reduce temperature.

Organization

______ is being structurally composed of one or more cells, which are the basic units of life.

Metabolism

_____ is the transformation of energy by converting chemicals and energy into cellular components (anabolism) and decomposing organic matter (catabolism). Living things require energy to maintain internal organization (homeostasis) to produce the other phenomena associated with life.

Growth

______ is maintenance of a higher rate of anabolism than catabolism. An organism undergoing this process increases in size in all of it's parts rather than simply accumulating matter.

Adaptation

______ is the ability to change over a period of time in response to the environment. This ability is fundamental to the process of evolution and is determined by the organism's heredity as well as the composition of metabolized substances and external factors present.

Response to stimuli

A ______ can take many forms, from contraction of a unicellular organism to external chemicals, to complex reactions involving all the senses of multicellular organism. A ______ is often expressed by motion, for example, the leaves of a plant turning towards the sun (phototropism).

Reproduction

______ is the ability to produce new individual organisms, either asexually from a single parent organism, or sexually form two parent organisms.

Cells

_____ are an organism's basic unit of structure and function.

True

(T/F) All cells are enclosed by a membrane and use DNA as their genetic information.

Eukaryotic

Human cells are: (Eukaryotic/Prokaryotic)

Prokaryotic

Bacterial cells are: (Eukaryotic/Prokaryotic)

True

(T/F) Prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles.

DNA

RNA

Protein

Central Dogma of Modern Biology: _____ -> _____ -> _____

Discovery Science

In _______ _______ an individual observes and describes some aspect of the world and uses inductive reasoning to draw general conclusions.

Hypothesis Based Science

_____-_____ ______ is based on observations, scientists propose hypothesis that lead to predictions. If a hypothesis is correct and we test it, we can expect a certain outcome.

Compounds

Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called ______.

Properties

An element's ______ depend on the structure of its atoms.

Chemical Bonding

The formation and function of molecules depend on the _____ _____ between atoms.

Element

A(n) _____ is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions.

Compound

A _____ is a substance containing two or more elements in a fixed ratio.

False

(T/F) A compound can not have different characteristics than those of it's elements.

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Nitrogen

96% of living matter is composed of what four elements?

Calcium

Phosphate

Potassium

Sulfur

4% of matter is composed of what four elements?

Atom

A(n) _____ is the smallest unit for matter that still retains the properties of an element.

Neutron

This subatomic particle has NO electrical charge.

Proton

This subatomic particle has a POSITIVE electrical charge.

Electron

This subatomic particle has a NEGATIVE electrical charge.

Cloud

Electrons form a _____ around the nucleus.

Daltons

Neutron and proton mass are almost identical and measured in ______.

Atomic Number

An atom's ______ ______ is the number of protons in its nucleus.

Atomic Mass

An atom's ______ ______ is the sum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus. (Double the atomic number)

Isotope

A(n) ______ is an atom of an element which has the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

Dating Fossils

Tracing atoms through metabolic processes

Diagnosing medical disorders

What are three applications of radioactive isotopes in biological research?

Energy

______ is the capacity to cause change.

Potential Energy

______ ______ is energy that matter has because of its location or structure.

Valance

_______ electrons are those in the outermost shell, or ______ shell.

Covalent

A ______ bond is the sharing of a pair of valance electrons by two atoms.

H-H

The chemical notation for two Hydrogen atoms bonded in a single covalent bond.

H=H

The chemical notation for two Hydrogen atoms bonded in a double covalent bond.

Electronegativity

______ is an atom's attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond.

Stronger

A more electronegative atom will pull (Stronger/Weaker) on shared electrons in a covalent bond.

Nonpolar

In a ______ covalent bond, the atoms share the electrons equally.

A

Electronegativity increases from (A: Left to Right, B: Right to Left) on the periodic table of elements.

109.5

What is the bonding angle of methane?

104.5

What is the bonding angle of water?

B

In a water molecule:

A.) Hydrogen is positively charged and so is oxygen.

B.) Hydrogen is positively charged while oxygen is negatively charged

C.) Hydrogen is negatively changed and so is oxygen.

Ionic Bonding

In ______ ______, anions and cations are attracted.

Charges

After the transfer of an electron has occurred, both atoms will have ______.

Ion

A charged atom is called an ___.

Cation

A(n) ______ is a positively charged ion.

Anion

A(n) ______ is a negatively charged ion.

Salts

Commands formed by ionic bonding are called ionic compounds or ______.

Crystals

Ionic compounds are found in nature as ______.

Hydrogen Bonds

______ ______ form between hydrogen atoms.

Van der Waals Interactions

______ ______ ______ ______ form as a result of "hot spots" of positively of negatively charged atoms. Gecko.

Photosynthesis

What reaction is this?

6O2+6H20 ---> C6H1206+6O2

Equilibrium

Chemical ______ is reached when the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal.

Cohesion

The phenomenon of water molecules being held together by hydrogen bonding. (Ex: Water dome on a penny)

Adhesion

An attraction between water and different substances. (Ex: water and plant cell walls)

Surface Tension

A measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid. This is related to cohesion.

Calorie

A ______ is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1℃

Specific Heat

Water has a high ______ ______ which allows it to be an efficient regulator of heat.

Hydration Shell

When an ionic compound is dissolved in water, each ion is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules called a(n) ______ ______.