Unit 2 AP Barron's key terms

Reformation

A religious movement in the 16th century that challenged the practices of the Catholic Church and led to the establishment of Protestant denominations.

Peace of Augsburg

A 1555 treaty that allowed German princes to choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism for their territories, establishing religious coexistence.

Indulgences

Grants by the Catholic Church that reduced punishment for sins, which were sold to raise money for church projects.

The Diet of Worms

A council held in 1521 where Martin Luther was excommunicated for refusing to recant his writings and beliefs about the Catholic Church.

Spanish Inquisition

A judicial institution established by the Catholic Monarchs in 1478 to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their realms, targeting heretics and enforcing religious conformity.

Huguenots

French Protestants who followed the teachings of John Calvin, known for their conflicts with Catholics during the French Wars of Religion.

Council of Trent

A major ecumenical council of the Catholic Church held between 1545 and 1563, aimed at countering the Protestant Reformation and reforming church practices.

Jesuits

A religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1540, focused on education, missionary work, and combating Protestantism.

Index of Prohibited Books

A catalog of publications deemed heretical or contrary to morality by the Catholic Church, restricting their reading by Catholics.

The THirty Yearrs war

conflicts from 1618 to 1648, centered in Germany but involving most major European powers. Caused by religious tensions between Catholics and Protestants, political rivalries between the Habsburgs and other European powers, and competition for territory and resources. Calvinism gained acceptance while Anabaptists were persecuted.

War of Three Henrys

A series of conflicts in France from 1589 to 1594 involving Henry III, Henry of Navarre, and Henry I of Guise, rooted in the struggle for the French throne that reflected the larger struggle of Catholics versus Huguenots.

Edict of Nantes

A 1598 decree by Henry IV of France granting religious tolerance to Huguenots and ending the French Wars of Religion.

Sir Thomas More

An English statesman and author known for his book "Utopia" which described an ideal society, and his opposition to King Henry VIII's separation from the Catholic Church, leading to his execution in 1535.

Martin Luther

A German theologian and key figure in the Protestant Reformation, Luther challenged the practices of the Catholic Church, notably the sale of indulgences, and emphasized salvation through faith alone. Made the 95 theses

John Calvin

a French theologian and reformer who played a significant role in the Protestant Reformation, known for his doctrine of predestination and establishing Calvinism.

Ignatius of Loyola

a Spanish priest and theologian who founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), emphasizing education and mission work.

Cardinal Richelieu

A French clergyman and statesman, served as chief minister to Louis XIII and played a significant role in establishing the absolute monarchy in France, strengthening the power of the state and curbing the influence of the nobility.

Charles V of Spain and Austria

Holy Roman Emperor who ruled over a vast empire during the 16th century, known for his efforts to maintain Catholic dominance and his conflicts with Protestant reformers.

Philip II of Spain

Son of Charles V, he ruled Spain during its golden age and sought to expand its empire, leading to conflicts including the Spanish Armada. known for his staunch Catholicism and efforts to counter the Protestant Reformation, as well as for his support of exploration and colonization.