adaptive immunity

What does the humoral immune response do?

produce antibodies

What cells are involved in the humoral adaptive immune response?

Lymphoid cells which are T cells, B cells

Dendritic cells

What do B cells produce?

Plasma cells and memory B cells

Describe the shape of an antibody

its y shape

composed of Heavy chain and light chain

has a variable region and constant region

Fab region

Fc region

What does it mean when an antibody is bivalent

It means there are to valences meaning two locations for epitopes to bind

what parts of Ab binds to receptors on host cells

the Fc region of the antibody

T/F: antigens are unique to epitopes

true

What are the functions of antibodies/

1. neutralization

2. cross-linking

3. antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity

4. Opsonization

5. Complement system activation

6. immobilization and prevention adherence

What is neutralization

when antibodies prevent virus and toxins to bind to their targets

What is crosslinking

since antibody is bivalent it can bin two viruses closer together and it is helpful for phagocytosis

What is antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxixity

NK cells release toxic products and that cell dies but make sure that virus doesn’t keep replicating

What is opsonization

Phagocyte have Fc receptors so when antibody attaches to bacteria cell it helps with attachment

What is complement system activation

this is a classical pathway which activates the cascade

What is immobilization and prevention of adherence

antibody interferes with motility and attachment like flagella or pili

A single B cells produces plasma cells that produce antibodies that recognize a single epitope

true

What are the 5 classes of antibodies that plasma cells can create

• IgM

• IgG

• IgA

• IgD

• IgE

Explain the importance of IgM

• largest antibody

• structure like a pentagon

• 1 ab produced

• activates complement

explain importance of IgG

• most abundant in blood and tissues

• longest-lived

• activate complement

• facilitates phagocytosis - it is an opsonin

• Y

Explain IgA

• the most abundant because it is present in the mucosal membrane

• protects mucous

Explain importance of IgE

• it is not your friend if you have allergies

• plays a crucial role in allergic reactions and defense against parasitic infections.

  • Fc binds to basophils and eosinophils and they release toxins to kill the microbe

• binds to allergens and triggers histamine release from mast cells.

How do B cells become activated to produce plasma cells and antibodies?

1. First stage is when B cells receptor bind to antigen then they internalize the antigen, degrade, and now the epitopes are on the surface on the B cells

2. Second stage is T cell has receptors that recognize antigen fragments and actives B cell by sending cytokine delivery

All antigens can active B cells with aid of T cells

False - some antigens can activate without the aid of T cells

What is clonal selection and expansion

B cell is selected to produce many many more cells of itself

explain first and second response

1. first response, the antibodies take about a week to appear

2. in between you have memory cells which help in the second response

3. when you get sick again antibodies will appear sooner and stronger

where does Ab production take place?

1. secondary: lymphoid organs

Explain the following in helping out immune system to protect us

• IFN

• Complement

• NK cells

• B cells

• T cells