MedLab Final Review

Volumetric pipettes

to transfer selected volumes (most accurate)

Serological pipettes

to deliver graduated to the tip (must be blown out)

Mohr pipettes

to deliver graduated to the stem (liquid at tip is not part of measurement)

Pasteur pipettes

to transfer

Laboratory Safety Rules

Wear safety glasses, wear a buttoned up lab coat, tie back long hair, never eat or drink in the laboratory, no horseplay, never dispose of hazardous materials down the sink.

V1C1=V2C2

(volume concentration) and mass/vol=mass/vol (ratio and proportion)

Eyepiece

contains ocular lens

Nosepiece

holds the low and high power objective lenses (rotated to change magnification)

Objective lenses

Magnification ranges from 10X to 40X

Stage clips

Hold the slide in place

Stage

Supports slide being viewed

Light Source

Projects light upwards through the diaphragm, the specimen, and the lenses

Base

supports the microscope

Diaphragm

regulates the amount of light on the specimen

Fine adjustment knob

moves the stage slightly to sharpen the image

Coarse adjustment knob

moves the stage up and down for focusing

Arm

used to support the microscope when carried

Urine Formation

1) filtration 2) reabsorption 3) secretion

Specific gravity

1.003-1.035 indicates the ability of the kidney to concentrate urine

Hyposthenuria

S.G. constantly below 1.007 (hypertension, diabetes)

Hypersthenuria

secretion of urine of high specific gravity

Isosthenuria

urine is of neither less or more specific gravity than that of protein free plasma (1.008-1.012)

Casts

may contain RBC's, WBC's, bacteria, fat, epithelial cells, and Hb

Crystals

only cystine, leucine, tyrosine, and cholesterol are considered clinically significant

Polyuria

(high volumes > 2,500 ml/day) due to alcohol, caffeine, diuretic drugs, diabetes

Anuria

(no urine) due to renal failure

Oliguria

(low volumes) due to dehydration, shock, renal failure, kidney stones, enlarged prostate

Nocturia

need to wake and pass urine at night

Cystitis

inflammation of urinary bladder

Jaundice

serum bilirubin levels exceed normal-skin, sclera, and nail bed become yellow

Hematuria

blood in the urine (may be UTI)

Pyuria

presence of pus in urine (bacterial infection)

Urine Total Volumes

(24 hour urine collection) Normal Range (750-1500 ml/day) Average Range (1,200-1,500 Avg.)

Urine Collection Types

Random, Mid-Stream, First void, Clean catch, Catheterization, Suprapubic tap, Pediatric collection system

ANTICOAGULANT BLOOD

Plasma, Buffy coat (platelets and fats), RBC.

NONANTICOAGULANT BLOOD

RBC clot (RBCs, WBCs, platelets, and fibrinogen), Serum (plasma without fibrinogen)

WBC

5,000-10,000 Increase: infection, Decrease: leukemia, AIDS

RBC

F- 4.0-5.5x10^6, M- 4.5-6.0x10^6 Increase: congenital heart disease, Decrease: anemia

Hb

F- 12-16 g/dL, M- 14-18 g/dL Increase: low O2, Decrease: anemia

Hct

F- 37-47%, M- 44-54% Increase: low O2, Decrease: anemia

MCV

(Hct(10)/RBC) 27-32 fL Increase: B12 deficiency, Decrease: iron-deficiency anemia

MCH

(Hb(10)/RBC) 80-100 pg Increase: splenectomy, Decrease: iron-deficiency anemia

MCHC

(Hb(100)/Hct) 32-36% Increase: splenectomy, Decrease: iron-deficiency anemia

ESR

F- 0-20 mm/hr; M- 0-10 mm/hr Increase: inflammatory conditions, Decrease: sickle cell, large RBCs, increased RBC

Reticulocyte

0.5-1.5% (ave. 1%) Increase: acute blood loss or response to treatment of anemia

Manual RBC Count

# of cells counted x10,000 using 1:200 dilution.

Manual WBC Count

# of cells counted x 50 using a 1:20 dilution (4 corners) using acetic acid OR # of cells counted plus 10% times 100 using a 1:100 dilution (all 9 squares) using 1% ammonium oxalate

Serum

Plasma without fibrinogen

Plasma

Suspension that makes up most of the blood's liquid volume

Thrombocyte

Platelets, aid in clotting

Erythrocyte

Red blood cell

Leukocyte

White blood cell

Anticoagulant

Prevents blood from clotting

Sickle Cell Disease

Recessive disorder that causes cells to be shaped irregularly

Hematopoiesis

Blood cell production

Hemolysis

Destruction of blood cells

Hypotonic

Solution is less concentrated on the outside than the inside of the cell (water goes out)

Hypertonic

More concentrated on the outside than the inside of the cell (water goes in)

Isotonic

Concentrations are equal within and outside of the cell

Granulocytes

White blood cells with granules in the nucleus (-phil)

Agranulocytes

White blood cells without granules (-cyte)

Erythropenia

Decrease in red blood cells

Leukocytosis

Increase in WBC level in the blood (infection)

Leukopenia

Decrease in WBC level in the blood

Aplastic

Stopped production (in anemia, body stops producing blood cells)

Hematology

The study, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases/conditions of the blood

Antibodies

Immunoglobulins, protect body from foreign antigens

Coagulation Factors

Clotting factors

Anemia

Blood doesn't have enough healthy blood cells

Cell Size

Macrocytic- cells<9 micrometers, Microcytic-cells>5 micrometers, Normocytic- 7.0-7.5 micrometers, Anisocytosis- cells are of unequal sizes

Cell Appearance

Hyperchromic- onion ring, too much Hb; Hypochromic- jelly-filled donuts, too little Hb; Normochromic- glazed donuts, normal amount of Hb

EDTA

One of the main anticoagulants used in hematology

Heparin

One of the main anticoagulants used in hematology

Citrate

One of the main anticoagulants used in hematology

Aerobe

Needs oxygen to live

Anaerobe

Cannot survive in the presence of oxygen

Microaerophile

Can survive in the presence of a little bit of oxygen

Thermophile

Likes hot temps

Mesophile

Likes mid temps 20C-40C

Psychrophile

Likes cold temps < 20C

Facultative

Can grow with or without oxygen

Acidophile

Needs acidic environment pH<7

Alkalophile

Needs basic environment pH>7

Neutrophile

Needs neutral environment pH=7 ish

Halophile

Requires high salt content

Cell wall

Protect cells against osmotic shock (most important) and physical damage

Cytoplasmic membrane

Regulation of substance transport into and out of cell

Chromosome

Contains genome

Plasmid

Contain supplemental genetic information such as resistance to antibiotics, production of toxins and tolerance to toxic environment.

Ribosome

Take part in protein synthesis.

Flagella

Movement of cells.

Inclusion body

Mineral storage of cells.

Pili

Attachment to host, bacterial mating.

Endospore

Tough, heat resistance structure that help bacteria survive in adverse conditions.

Polar or monotrichous

A flagella at one pole.

Tuft or lophotrichous

A flagella at each pole.

Peritrichous

Flagella over whole surface of bacteria.

Amphitrichous

Single or tuft at one or both poles.

Atrichous

Without flagella.

Sterilization

100% kill of microbes.