Bio 269 lab exam 2

uvula

pharynx

esophagus

trachea

Larynx

Epiglottis

laryngeal prominence

tracheal cartilage

cricoid cartilage

thyroid cartilage

hyoid bone

superior lobe of right lung

middle lobe of right lung

inferior lobe of right lung

primary bronchus (right and left)

secondary bronchi

cortex

medulla pyramids

renal capsule

renal pelvis

renal artery

renal vein

ureter

calyx

renal papilla

urinary bladder

adrenal gland

renal corpuscle

afferent arteriole

efferent arteriole

glomerulus

podocyte

proximal convoluted tubule

Loop of Henle (ascending)

loop of henle (descending)

Loop of Henle (thin segment)

Loop of Henle: thick ascending limb

distal convoluted tubule

macula densa

collecting tubule/duct

peritubular capillaries

vasa recta

tidal volume

Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a normal breath

vt

expiratory reserve volume

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation

inspiratory reserve volume

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation

residual volume

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation

vc x .25

vital capacity

The total volume of air that can be exhaled after maximal inhalation.

irv + erv+ vt

total lung capacity

sum total of air the lungs can contain

vital capacity + residual volume

forced vital capacity

the maximum amount of air that can be removed from the lungs during forced expiration

Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV)

amount of gas expelled during specific time intervals of FVC

healthy lungs can exhale about 80%

FEV1 / FVC

Respiration Minute Volume (RMV)

the volume of air inhaled or exhaled from a person's lungs in one minute, TV x BPM (breaths per minute)

During normal quiet breathing its about 6 l/min

500 ml of breath multiplied by 12 breaths per minute

expired minute volume

the amount of air exhaled in one minute of breathing

f x Vt

what happens to respiration volumes when the bronchi constrict?

the volumes decreases, as less air can get into the lungs

what happens to respiration volume when the bronchi dilate?

the volumes increase, as more air can get into the lungs

75-80%

average FEV1/FVC in humans is

Spirometry

a measurement of breathing (or lung volumes)

allows many components of pulmonary function (Fig. 1) to be visualized, measured and calculated.

chest movement measurements

pump air in and out of lungs

allows o2 and co2 exchange

increase, increase, increase, decrease

when there is an increase in pco2, there is ____ hco3 ____ H+ (ph), ______ H2co2, ______ 02

o2 and co2

breathe in and hold your breath, you have plenty of ____- and little of _____

o2 and co2

over time after breathing in and holding your breathe, you run out of _____ and there is an increase in blood

breathe

when co2 levels are too high you ______

decrease in lung volume, co2 of lungs is higher than blood

exhale and force co2 out. why is breathing here harder?

increase

decrease

co2

lungs are full of breath, you have an _____ in o2 concentration and a ____ in co2 than your blood

o2 flows into your blood and co2 out

lungs and blood are equal of co2

___ does not leave your blood but builds up until the next breath

increase

athletes have __ in lung compliance, lungs are used to having to take in more air

decrease

older people and babies have a ____ in lung compliance

hyperventilation

the condition of taking abnormally fast, deep breaths

not allowing deep breaths

hypoventilation

decreased rate or depth of air movement into the lungs

increase in pco2

glucosuria

Nonpathological: excessive intake of sugary foods. Pathological: diabetes mellitus.

glucose in the urine

nonpath and path

proteinuria

Nonpathological: excessive physical exertion, pregnancy, high protein diet. Pathological: heart failure, severe hypertension, damage to glomerular filtration membrane - glomerulonephritis

the presence of an abnormal amount of protein in the urine

nonpath and path

hematuria

Nonpathological: menstruation. Pathological: bleeding urinary tract, urinary tract infection, kidney stones

presence of blood in the urine

nonpath and path

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

increases water reabsorption, decreases urine production, urine is more concentrated

decrease in osmolality when there was an increase due to hydration

causes an increases in plasma volume

occurs in collecting duct

Aldosterone

"salt-retaining hormone" which promotes the retention of Na+ by the kidneys. na+ retention promotes water retention, which promotes a higher blood volume and pressure

increases K+ secretion

in kidney tubules and collecting duct

increase the interstitial concentration

If you _____ the interstitial concentration, water will flow into the nephron to try to equal the solute concentrations therefore urine will not be concentrated.

decrease interstitial fluid

water will flow out of nephron into the interstitial fluid and it will make concentrated urine.

higher number

water flows to the ___________ ______

sweating and become dehydrated increase in adh, aldosterone and reabsorption of na from dct

urine concentration will increase

You are on a 2 day hiking trip to the mountains. You pack adequate provisions including plenty of water because you know that no water is available on the trail. About 4 hrs into the hike you fall on loose rock and your backpack falls, breaking the water bottles which soaks the ground. You decide to go back due to the lack of water. Explain what will happen to your urine concentration and why? Mention the specific events that occur along different parts of the nephron.

water will follow salt--- pulls h2o out and will dehydrate you

challenge for kidneys and is worse for you

If you are shipwrecked on an island with no access to fresh water, should you drink seawater? Explain your answer.

decrease in adh

collecting duct is impermeable

stay with dilute urine

increase in aldosterone, to keep Na and balance osmolality

You like drinking water, all day and everyday. Explain the events in the nephron (and the related hormones) that enable you to remain in osmotic equilibrium.

athletes has the higher fev, muscles are more efficient to breathe air out than a nonathlete

An athlete and non-athlete both take a pulmonary function test to measure their Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV). Which person do you think would have the higher FEV and WHY?

after inspiration: deep breath, air into lungs, o2 ro alveoli

after expiration: metabolism builds up co2 and makes you breathe again

During which phase of respiration can the breath be held the longest? Why?

recover

athletes have a deepr breath to

higher

if you have a deeper breath, you have a _________ amplitude

closer together

if you are breathing fast, it is

50 - 750 mg/dL. High values indicate a high salt diet

Normal chloride content in humans ranges from

1.001 to 1.035. Low values indicate a dilute urine and high values a concentrated urine

The normal range of urine specific gravity in humans is

4.5 - 8.0. Normally you should not find blood, glucose or protein in human urine (

Normal pH range for human urine is