South Africa - establishment of apartheid

Malan prime minister

1948-54

Petty apartheid

segregation of public facilities and events

Grand apartheid

underlying limitation on people’s movement, political, educational and employment opportunities by race

Apartheid laws in 1949

Prohibition of mixed marriages act

Apartheid laws in 1950

immorality act, group areas act, population registration act

Apartheid laws in 1951

Bantu authorities act

Apartheid laws in 1952

Abolition of passes act, native laws amendment act (influx control)

Apartheid laws in 1953

Separate amenities act, Bantu education act, native labour act (no strike action by black people)

How many people had to leave their homes from 1951-86

3.5 million

Effect of population registration act

Ridiculous discriminatory system to determine people’s races. E.g. the pencil test, if your hair held a pencil determined your race.

What happened to Sophiatown

In Johannesburg near the city centre, Sophia town was a large black community. It was declared a ‘white area’ and people were forced out.

Impact of Bantu education act

8 times more spent on white children than black children in 1953

How long were Africans allowed to remain in an urban area without a special permit

only 72 hours

How many were arrested because of pass laws in 1962

around 380,000

Statistic showing influx control failing

Number of people in urban areas rose from 2.3 million to 3.4 million

When was J.G. Strijdom prime minister

1954-58

Founders of the ANCYL and when

Lembede, Mandela, Tambo, and Sisulu - 1943

Programme of action adopted when

1949

Three parts of the programme of action

Reject racial segregation completely, work independently of whites, take non-violent action: boycotts, strikes, civil disobedience

Xuma removed in vote of no confidence - when and replacement

1948 - Moroka

Defiance campaign

1952 - Mandela got 8,000 volunteers, called for 10,000

ANC membership growth after Defiance Campaign

7,000 to 100,000

Congress of the People and freedom charter

1955

Key points of freedom charter

Equal rights for all, work and security, equal pay for women, houses and comfort, right to live where you choose, land shared, all have the right to vote

Treason trial

1956-61

How many arrested for the Treason Trial and why

156 arrested in connection with the Freedom charter - but accused of communism

Government response to increased protest

1950 - suppression of communism act, gave government more power to suppress all opposition. Increased banning orders - trial and proof were not needed.

FEDSAW launched

1954

What was written at the first FEDSAW conference

‘Women’s charter’ - called for full voting rights, equality of opportunity in employment and equal pay (for all races)

Women’s March - when, why, how many

1954, around 20,000 marched to present a petition against passes for black women. Government refused to reply so women occupied government offices in Pretoria and delayed its implementation.

Who were the black sash

White, mainly middle-class women, working to help black women. Protested and demonstrated against pass laws.

Government response to women’s beerhalls

Black women in cities had been making money in shebeens, brewing beer. Government banned them, built ‘official’ beerhalls, raided shebeens and women were fined.

Beer hall protests

1959 -women burnt and attacked two official beer halls, next day they were violently attacked by police

Bus boycotts

Government paid bus companies to keep fares down - but some raised them. In 1957 - township of Alexandra boycotted the buses, had to walk 32 km to Joburg and back. Boycott was successful.

Rural protests

Many areas revolted, e.g. Pondoland which went on for several years before government stamped it out