Anatomy & Physiology Midterm Study Guide

Study Guide

parts of the microscope

calculating magnification

mag. of objective lens x mag. of ocular lens = total magnification

4X x 10X = 40X

10X x 10X = 100X

40X x 10X = 400X

Never use the coarse focus knob with objective lens except with what lens?

scanning lens

identify on a neuron model

plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, smooth ER, rough ER, mitochondria, lysosomes, golgi apparatus

plasma membrane

envelopes cell contents

phospholipid bilayer that allows active and passive transport

cytoplasm

fluid inside the cell that surrounds the organelles

nucleus

control center of cell

contains DNA

smooth ER

doesnt contain ribosomes

rough ER

contains ribosomes

ribosomes

mRNA is translated into proteins here, found both free-floating and attached to ER

golgi apparatus

packages proteins for transport out of or around cell

“amazon of the cell”

mitochondria

turns nutrients into ATP

“powerhouse of the cell”

lysosomes

breaks down waste

cell cycle

know the phases

tissues

epithelial

connective

muscle

nervous

epithelial

tightly packed cells lining or making the edge of a tissue

no blood supply

connective tissue

loosely organized cells suspended in a nonliving matrix

be able to identify spongy and compact bone

adipose, dense fibrous, loose, elastic, cartilage, bone, and blood

most abundant and has an extracellular matrix

muscle tissue

cells contain protein filaments of myosin and actin

smooth, cardiac, skeletal muscle

smooth muscle

know what it looks like under a microscope

skeletal muscle

kow what it looks like under a microscope

cardiac muscle

know what it looks like under a microscope

nervous tissue

specialized for sending electrical signals

neurons and neuroglial cells

osmosis

solvent, solute, solution

solvent

dissolves a solute

ex: water

solute

the substance being dissolved in a solvent

ex: suger

solution

formed when a solute is dissolved in a solvent

ex: simple syrup

diffusion

the passive transport of solutes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

does not require ATP

think about the capri sun analogy

passive transport

transport of water (solvent) across a selectively permeable membrane to an area of the *solvents* high concentration to *solvents* low concentration

tonicity

used for comparing two different solutions

hypotonic solution

hypo= less than

tonos= stretching

causes hydrolysis

cell grows

isotonic solution

iso= same

both solutions have the same amount of solutes

hypertonic solution

hyper= more than

the solution with more solutes

causes crenation

cell shrinks

the three type of osmosis solutions

be able to identify their microscope slides

anatomical position

standing up straight, palms facing up, arms by the side, feet facing forward, face forward

supine position

laying face up on the back

prone position

laying face down on the stomach

body regions

know the 29 body regions

facial

face region

cranial

superior and posterior of head region

cervical

neck region

axillary

armit region

brachial

upper arm region

antebrachial

lower arm region

pectoral

breast region

inguinal

groin region

acromial

lateral shoulder region

carpal

wrist region

digital

finger region

pubis

genital region

sternal

center of chest region

palmar

palm of hands region

thoracic

chect region

popliteal

posterior knee region

scapular

shoulder blade region

gluteal

buttocks region

abdominal

belly region

pubic

genital region

coxal

lateral hip region

vertebral

spinal column region

dorsum

back region

lumbar

lower back region

umbilical

belly button region

patellar

knee reigon

femoral

thigh region

sacral

between hips on spine

plantar

sole region

calcaneal

heel region

directional terms

know the 10 terms

anterior

front of the body

posterior

back of the body

medial

close to the midline

lateral

away from the midline

superior

top of the body

inferior

bottom of the body

superficial

towards the surface

deep

away from the surface

proximal

arms and legs close to attachment

distal

arms and legs far from attachment

body planes

know the 4 planes

sagittal plane

lateral

divides body into left and right planes

frontal plane

divides the body into front and back planes

transverse plane

divides body into top and bottom planes

oblique plane

diagonal cut through the body

body cavities

know the 5 cavities

dorsal body cavity

cranial canity and vertebral canal

cranial cavity

the brain

vertebral canal

the spinal cord

ventral body cavity

thoracic, abdominal, pelvic cavity, and the diapragm

thoracic cavity

the lungs, heart and sternum

abdominal cavity

stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, other organs of the stomach region

pelvic cavity

genitals and reproductive organs

diaphragm

separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

abdominal regions

know the 9 regions and have a general idea of what organs are in which region

right hypochondriac region

upper right of the body when viewing in anatomical position

epigastric region

top middle of the body when viewing in anatomical position

left hypochondriac region

top left of the body when viewing in anatomical position

right lumbar region

right middle of the body when viewing in anatomical position

umbilical region

very middle of the body when viewing in anatomical position

left lumbar region

left middle of the body when viewing in anatomical position

right iliac region

bottom right of the body when viewing in anatomical position