Chemical Analysis

Fe²⁺ with NaOH/Iron(II) with sodium hydroxide

green precipitate, remains in excess

Fe²⁺ with NH₃/Iron(II) with ammonia

green precipitate, remains in excess

Fe³⁺ with NaOH/Iron(III) with sodium hydroxide

red-brown precipitate, remains in excess

Fe³⁺ with NH₃/Iron(III) with sodium hydroxide

red-brown precipitate, remains in excess

Cu²⁺ with NaOH/Copper(II) with sodium hydroxide

blue precipitate, remains in excess

Cu²⁺ with NH₃/Copper(II) with ammonia

blue precipitate, dark blue sol in excess

Cr³⁺ with NaOH/chromium(III) with sodium hydroxide

green precipitate, dissolves in excess

Cr³⁺ with NH₃/chromium(III) with ammonia

gray-green precipitate, dissolves in excess

Zn²⁺ with NaOH/zinc with sodium hydroxide

white precipitate, dissolves in excess

Zn²⁺ with NH₃/zinc with ammonia

white precipitate, dissolves in excess

Al³⁺ with NaOH/aluminum with sodium hydroxide

white precipitate, dissolves in excess

Al³⁺ with NH₃/aluminum with ammonia

white precipitate, remains in excess

Ca²⁺ with NaOH/calcium with sodium hydroxide

white precipitate, does not dissolve in excess

Ca²⁺ with NH₃/calcium with ammonia

faint white precipitate, dissolves in excess

Test for carbonates

Add dilute acid to produce CO₂ effervesence

Test for chloride

Add dilute HNO₃ and AgNO₃ to produce a white precipitate(dissolves in dil. NH₃)

Test for bromides

Add dilute HNO₃ and AgNO₃ to produce a cream precipitate(dissolves in conc. NH₃)

Test for iodides

Add dilute HNO₃ and AgNO₃ to produce a yellow precipitate that doesn’t dissolve in NH3

Test for sulfates

Add dilute HNO₃ and Ba(NO₃)₂ to produce a white precipitate

Test for ammonium/Test for NH₄

add NaOH and warm to produce NH₃ effervesence

Test for nitrates

add NaOH and warm with Al foil to produce NH₃ effervesence

Test for oxygen

relights a glowing splint

Test for hydrogen

“squeaky pop” with a lit splint

Test for CO₂

Bubble CO₂ through limewater to produce cloudy, insoluble calcium carbonate and water. (The carbon dioxide reacts with the water produced to form carbonic acid, which reacts with the calcium carbonate to form calcium bicarbonate)

Flame test, lithium

brick-red flame

Flame test, copper

blue/green flame

Flame test, sodium

yellow flame

Flame test, potassium

lilac flame

Flame test, calcium

brick red flame

Flame test, barium

apple green flame

Test for ammonia

Turns damp red litmus paper blue

Test for chlorine

Turns damp blue litmus paper red/Bleaches damp blue litmus paper

Test for sulfur dioxide

Turns potassium permanganate solution colourless