AP Euro Unit 2

30 Years War

Initiated due to the Peace of Ausburg leaving out the Calvinists in their ruling. War occurred in four stages: The Bohemian Period, Danish Period, Swedish Period and the French Period. The Peace of Westphalia ended the thirty year war.

7 Years War

In Europe, the 7 year was was fought between an alliance of France, Russia, Sweden, Austria and Saxony against Prussia, Hanover and Great Britain from 1756-63. This war had an international element due to the French and British fighting for land in the New World - known as the French-Indian Wars.

Absolute Monarchy

Absolute monarchy is a monarchical form of government in which the monarch exercises ultimate governing authority as head of state and head of government.

Acts of Uniformity and Supremacy

An Act of the Parliament of England, passed by Elizabeth I. The Act of Uniformity made Protestantism England's official faith, establish a uniform form of worship and re-established the use of the English Book of Common Prayer. The Act of Supremacy named Elizabeth I, the supreme governor of the Church

Anabaptism

Form of Protestantism. Believe in adult baptism

Anglicanism

Form of Protestantism established by King Henry VIII in the form of the Church of England

Balance of Power

An international relations concept that applies historically and currently to the nations of Europe. For example: To maintain the balance of power, the English made alliances with other states—including Portugal, the Ottoman Empire, and the Netherlands—to counter any threats.

Baroque

style of art that was used by the Catholics in the 17th century; very dramatic and overly decorated in gold and gaudy materials

Boyars

upper nobility in Russia from the 10th -17th century

Calvin, John and Calvinism

A form of protestantism that believed that you could revolt against an ungodly government

Cardinal Richelieu

a French clergyman, noble, and statesman. Cardinal Richelieu was often known by the title of the King's "Chief Minister" or "First Minister." As a result, he is considered to be the world's first Prime Minister, in the modern sense of the term.

Catholic Counter-Reformation

Reformation Catholic Church mounted a series of reforms and reasserted its authority.

Catholic Inquisition

was a hierarchy of the Catholic Church that targeted those who were thought to be or known to be Protestants or Catholic Reformers. Anyone captured was tortured, questioned, and forced to admit their involvement with the "sinful" religions and repent, or be killed. You were assumed guilty until proven innocent and the goal was to reconvert everyone to Catholicism.

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor and the most powerful ruler in sixteenth-century Europe; he reigned over the low countries, Spain's Italian and new world dominions, and the

Austrian-Hapsburg lands. (hapsburg ruler)

Charles XI of Sweden

One of the most influential Swedish monarchs of the 17th century. He was crowned at the age of four and ruled from 1660 to 1697. During his reign, he displayed absolutism by suppressing the nobility in and creating bureaucratic absolutism. He established a table of ranks in his bureaucracy, which was essentially a meritocracy. He also created an army that could be mobilized very quickly. However, throughout most of his reign he was more interested in establishing his power than with foreign powers, and thus remained neutral.

Constitutional Monarchy

A government that rules with the power of a constitution that limits the powers of a monarch

Council of Trent

A general council of the Catholic Church that met at Trent to set Catholic doctrine, reform church practices, and defend the church against the Protestant Challenge.

Defenestration of Prague

Conflict in which the Protestant- Bohemians revolted against the Holy Roman Empire in Prague. Two officials were thrown out of windows and when they survived it was considered an act of God. This conflict kicked off the Thirty Years War.

Diet and Edict of Worms

Diet in which Luther appeared to defend his new Protestant religion before Charles V. Edict=When Charles V exiled or outlawed Luther from The Holy Roman Empire or any of it's other lands.

Divine Right of Kings: Bishop Bossuet

A political doctrine that claimed that the King was God's messenger on earth and worked from God's will. Therefore, he is not subject to any authority on earth but can only be judged by God and can essentially do no wrong. No one can revolt against or restrict the king without being contrary to the will of God, or a sinner.

Duke of Alba

Sent by Phillip II to squash the primarily Calvinist, but also Protestant rebellion in the Netherlands. Was defeated when the Catholic South and Calvinist North worked together to push out Spain.

Edict of Nantes

The decree issued by French king Henry IV in 1598 that granted the Huguenots a large measure of religious toleration.

Elizabeth I

Queen of England from 1558 to 1603 noun Ex. daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn; she succeeded Mary I (who was a Catholic) and restored Protestantism to England; during her reign Mary Queen of Scots was executed and the Spanish Armada was defeated; her reign w

Frederick William

(Hohenzollern family) The Great elector of Brandenburg- Prussia who brought his nation through the end of the Thirty Years' War and then succeeded in welding his lands into an absolutist state. Accomplished this by allowing his nobles or "junkers" to have complete control over their enserfed peasants in exchange for being able to collect taxes.

Fronde

Series of revolts in Louis XIV's childhood after the Thirty Years' War as a result of the increased taxation and continued centralized government and control; A series of civil wars in France by nobles against Louis XIV's and Mazarin's

authority; they were unable to overthrow Mazarin.

Glorious Revolution

English Civil War between the Tories (Royalists- the king) and the Whigs (Parliamentarians) in which Mary and William of Orange of Scotland are asked to rule England by the parliament, but are forced to accept limitations to their power (Constitutional Monarchy), A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Gustavus Adolphus II

Lead Sweden throughout the 30 Years War, working to make it a political european power. His reign started in 1611 and ended in 1632. Ruled in many of the same ways as Peter the Great of Russia.

Henri IV

Was once Henri of Navarre but he changed his name when he began his rule over France as well as converting to Catholicism, "Paris is well worth a mass." Changes the image of France from having a weak monarch to a strong one instead and bring the first attempt at religious toleration to France.

Henry VIII

King of England who broke away from the Catholic Church so that he could divorce his wife and marry Anne Boleyn who eventually had Elizabeth I

Hobbes, Thomas: Leviathan

The idea that all men were naturally evil and if left on their own with no government to control them they would kill and destroy. Therefore the people needed to be ruled by a government that inspired fear in them to keep them in line. The people would give up some of their freedoms in order to be kept safe by the government.

Huguenots

Calvinist in France that faced much religious persecution.

Hus, Jan

Had the same ideas about the Catholic Church as John Wycliff and Martin Luther, however his ideas (like John Wycliff's) were unable to spread much before the Catholic Church silenced him (no printing press). He was burnt at the stake for being a heretic.

Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuits

A spanish man who founded a group that worked to mass convert people to Catholicism through education.

Index of Prohibited Books

A list of books that the Catholic Church prohibited people from reading. This list was approved by the Pope and all of Martin Luther's work ended up on it.

Indulgences

Papers sold by the Catholic Church to citizens in order to buy there way, or their loved ones, out of purgatory. Catholic Church did it because Leo X bankrupt the church and they needed money- made many protestants mad, especially Martin Luther.

Janissaries

The Sultan of the Ottoman Empire's personal group of advisors that were very close to him. The group members were stolen from their families at a very young age and were raised under the Sultan's watch. They were given a very good education and nice wife but were not allowed to have any connection to outside world- if they did they would have loyalties to people other than just the Sultan and would therefore mislead him in order to benefit themselves.

Junkers

The rich, land owning class that held much political power.

Locke, John: Two Treatises of Government

Expressed the beliefs that people were naturally good and would help each other when left on their own. This document states that the power should therefore lie in the people and they should chose their government to represent them- the first ideas of democracy

Louis XIV

The absolute monarch of France. Was a part of the first generation of absolute monarchs- built Versailles, centralized all power to his control, increased amounts of exports, etc...

Luther, Martin and Lutheranism

Martin Luther was a German Monk who wanted to reform the Catholic church. His ideas spread quickly because of the printing press. After many debates, Luther realized that a reform of the Catholic church was not possible, so he broke away from the church. Luther created his own religion-Lutheranism. Lutheranism believes in infant baptism, going back to the bible and holding it as the supreme authority. Also, that things within the church should be plain and simple, and the eucharist is both symbolic and in a way part of transubstantiation.

Maria Theresa

the only female ruler over the Hapsburg empire. She limited the papacy's political influence in Austria, strengthened her central bureaucracy, and cautiously reduced the power that nobles had over their serfs. She was the mother of Marie Antoinette. She started her 40-year reign when her father, Emperor Charles VI, died.

Mary Queen of Scots

Catholic relative to Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England. She was supposed to be the heir to the English throne, but Elizabeth had recently created a Protestant england, and did not want her cousin to return it to Catholicism. Mary had allegedly planned to overthrow Elizabeth and reassert Catholicism in England. Elizabeth found this out and had her beheaded. Her son, James, became the heir to throne.

Mary Tudor

Mary "Bloody Mary" Tudor was Henry VIII's daughter and second in line to his throne. She was the wife of Philip II of Spain and she restored Roman Catholicism to England. She acquired the name "Bloody Mary" because of all the Protestants she had killed and burned at the stake as heretics. She could not produce a child to be heir to the thrown, so her sister, Elizabeth I became queen when Mary died.

Oliver Cromwell

He was an English military and political leader who overthrew the English monarchy and temporarily turned England into a republican Commonwealth. He led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War and is considered a very controversial figure in history. Some see him as a hero, while others see him as a destructive tyrant.

Peace of Augsburg

Initiated by King Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire. It stated that the individual princes of the Holy Roman Empire could decide weather they wanted to be catholic or Lutheranism. Their decision dictated the religion of the people in their lands. Therefore, people could only be either lutheranism or catholic and they had to follow what their prince decided, or move to new land. This "law" created temporary peace within the H.R.E., but led to some unrest because it excluded calvinism.

Peter the Great

Absolute Monarch who ruled over Russia between 1672-1725. He transformed Russian into a modernized empire. He created an educated Russian military and once he conquered the Balken Sea, created the first Russian Navy. Peter I nationalized industries within Russia and started trading. Also, he raised taxes, europeanized Russia with new dress and culture, and placed the church under government control. Built St. Petersburg and was head of the Russian Orthodox Church.

Phillip II

Son of Charles V, a Hapsburg, and was King of Spain, Portugal, Naples, Sicily, and, while married to Mary I, King of England and Ireland. He ruled one of the world's largest empires which included territories in every continent then known to Europeans. Under his rule, Spain reached the height of its influence and power in the world. Spain was the hegemonic power that directed explorations all around the world and colonized territories in all the known continents.

Polish Diet

The legislative body, or parliament, of Poland. They held all of the power in poland during the "Nobles' Commonwealth" time period. However, by the 18th century the Polish Diet gradually declined into an anarchy, making the once powerful Commonwealth vulnerable to foreign influence.

Politique

a term first used during the Wars of Religion in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to describe a ruler who put politics before religion. Therefore, a ruling with political motivation, rather than religious motivation.

Predestination

a religious theory rooted in the idea that all events have been willed by God. John Calvin, who started the Calvinist religion, interpreted biblical predestination to mean that God willed eternal damnation for some people and salvation for others. The elite that worked and repented their sins would be granted God's salvation, while those who disobeyed God's will would be dammed to hell.

Purgatory

A Christian belief in a place between Heaven and Earth where souls are purified. Christian's believe that when someone dies, their soul goes to purgatory to repent for their sins and cleanse themselves before entering heaven. Indulgences were sold for the souls in purgatory. For example, it was thought that if someone paid a sum, themselves or their loved one could skip purgatory.

Russian Orthodox Church

Peter the Great made this Church under his control

Serfs

another name for slaves (unpaid labor). However they are tied to the land rather than individuals. In Austrian Hapbsurgs made all the peasants into serfs for free labor to make money/improve economy

Spanish Armada

Spanish fleet that sailed to England to attack England, overthrow Elizabeth I, stop England from being further involved with the Spanish Netherlands (who Spain was indebted to), and stop England from continuing to pirate Spanish ships. The English attacked the Spanish and drove them away, winning. This is the beginning of the fall of the Spanish Empire

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Catherine de'Medici marries her daughter to Henri of Navarre and Huguenots from all over France came to Paris to celebrate the wedding. After being pressured by her advisors (Catholic nobles) that they came to take over the throne, Catherine ordered the murder of all the Huguenots (Calvinist Protestants) in Paris. Almost all of the Protestant nobles were slaughtered

Test Act

An act passed by British Parliament that required people who held civil and military positions to profess their faith in the Church of England. Was meant to make sure there were no Catholics (and other non-Anglicans, but mostly directed at Catholics) in positions of power.

Theocracy

A government that is based on religious principles. Government is believed to have divine guidance, and is governed by officials seen as divinely guided.

Transubstantiation

The belief that bread and wine are transformed into the body and blood of Christ. Protestants rejected this idea. Became a practice unique to Catholicism.

Treaty of Westphalia

1648!! MAJOR DATE A series of peace treaties involving the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, France, Sweden, and the Dutch Republic. Ended the Thirty Years War with Spain granting the Dutch Republic its official independence.

Union of Arras and Utrecht

Arras: An accord signed that said the southern States of the Netherlands were loyal to the Spanish king Phillip II

Utrecht:Treaty signed in reaction to Arras that unified the provinces of the Netherlands and

Vulgate Bible

14th century Latin translation of the Bible. Version officially used by the Roman Catholic Church

War of Spanish Succession

A conflict, over the succession to Spanish throne, lasting from 1701 to 1713, in which a number of European states fought to prevent the Bourbon family from controlling Spain as well as France (the union of the French and Spanish thrones)

Zwingli, Ulrich and Zwinglism

Ulrich Zwingli was the leader of the Reformation in Switzerland who spoke out against the Catholic Church's beliefs. He founded Zwinglism, a religion based on the Bible and not on religious tradition. Zwinglists believe in 5 of the 7 sacraments (Baptism and Communion), and reject transubstantiation