John Marshall and Thomas Jefferson (5.2, 5.3)

Marbury v. Madison gave the Supreme Court the power of…

judicial review

John Adams told his secretary of state, John Marshall, to appoint judges, nearing the end of his presidency. because the papers for these appointments were delivered the night that Adams’s presidency ended, these judges are called…

midnight judges

Thomas Jefferson's election was seen as “The revolution of 1800” because he was the first ____ to become president.

democratic republican

Both the Marbury v. Madison case and the Louisiana purchase were in the year…

1803

The Barbary War was during Jefferson's presidency. Why did it begin?

North African colonies asked for expensive tributes and ripped an American flag when the US wouldn't comply.

What were the two main causes of the War of 1812?

British impressment and Native American attacks

Describe the story of Tecumseh, the chief of the Shawnee tribe, and his brother, Tenskwatawa.

Tecumseh fears an attack from Governor William H. Harrison, (governor of Indiana), so while Tecumseh travels south to form a confederation against American settlers, he tells Tenskwatawa “don’t leave under any circumstances, because Gov. William might attack.” Some time after Tecumseh is gone, Tenskwatawa sees Gov. William and his army ready to attack. Despite his brother’s advice, he leaves the village to attack the Americans. Their village is burned to the ground. As a result, Tecumseh swears to fight for the British if the British and the Americans ever get into war.

The War of 1812 ended in…

1815

Why is the Barbary War a conflict for Jefferson?

1. He is a fiscal conservative, so he doesn’t want to spend government money on an army/navy

   1. George Washington and Ben Franklin have advised against war

Why does Jefferson end up fighting the Barbary War?

When North Africans cut the U.S. flag down, Jefferson sees this as a damage to the U.S.’s honor.

The re-export trade grew from $300k to $60m (almost 200 times) in tariff profit for the United States. Why did France ship its goods to the West Indies through the U.S.?

A British blockade seized any ships coming from France to the West Indies

What was the reason the British had for impressing American sailors?

The British might say “your fathers were born in Great Britain, so we are entitled to take you and make you into our soldiers!”

In addition to British impressment, American ships were seized by France. Why did France do this?

The French were angry at Washington’s neutrality proclamation

During Jefferson’s presidency, in international affairs, we say the United States was between a rock and a hard place because…

both the British and the French were attacking the U.S., but siding with one of them would make tensions worse.

Two meanings of the word “embargo”

1. An order to stop trade with a country

2. When the media holds some news until a certain time

Jefferson’s embargo on British trades is unpopular, so he _____ it just before he leaves office.

rescinds

“Rescind” definition

repeal, revoke

In the presidential election, Jefferson ties with…

Aaron Burr

After 35 rounds of voting in the House of Representatives, the vote for the president kept tying. Who caused Jefferson to win, and why is this ironic?

Hamilton stepped in to persuade his fellow Federalists to vote for Jefferson. This is ironic because Jefferson is a democratic republican. Hamilton clearly saw that Jefferson was a great candidate for the presidency.

Marbury asks for the court to write a Writ of Mandamus ordering Madison to make Marbury a judge. How does John Marshall take advantage of this to give the Supreme Court the power of judicial review?

The Judiciary Act of 1789 gave the Supreme Court the power to issue a Writ of Mandamus, but the Constitution didn’t, so Marshall said it the Supreme Court’s duty to strike down unconstitutional laws, like the Judiciary Act, which conflict with the Constitution.

SCOTUS meaning

Supreme Court of the United States

When does the Lewis and Clark Expedition take place?

1804-1806

Why was Sacajawea significant in the Lewis and Clark Expedition?

1. Only woman and one of the only Native Americans on the expedition

2. Translator in interactions with Native Tribes

3. Reunion with brother helps the expedition members trade for horses to get over the mountains

Sacajawea is pregnant when she goes on the expedition, so she gives birth to Pomp, the only baby/child in the expedition. What is his role in the Corps of Discovery?

He makes the group seem less intimidating to Native Americans

After the expedition, Pomp, Sacajawea’s son, is sent with Clark to ensure he has a good _____.

education

The group of people in the Lewis and Clark Expedition is also called…

the Corps of Discovery

York, a childhood friend of Clark’s, is also African and enslaved to Clark. How is he significant in Native American trade?

Native Americans see him as “godlike” for his skin color, and he takes advantage of this in negotiations.

It is almost Winter, and the Corps of Discovery are at the Pacific Coast. Lewis and Clark open a vote: should we stay at the Pacific coast or return to make housing in a safer area? This vote is significant because…

it is the first time the vote of an African American and a Native American is counted democratically in the U.S.

Sacajawea is abducted from the Shoshone tribe at 11 years old by the Hidatsa. This is significant because…

she learns two languages, one from each tribe.

Before the Louisiana Purchase, Jefferson was afraid of the long border that the U.S. shared with France, since France owned much of the land west of the Mississippi River. Because of this, Jefferson sends negotiators to France to buy New Orleans, with a maximum budget of $10m. However, Napoleon offers the entirety of French territory in the U.S. for only $15m. Why does he offer so cheap?

Napoleon desperately needs money: after the slave revolt in his colonies (the Haitian revolution), he is in a lot of debt from trying to put down the rebellion.

Congress allows $10m for purchasing New Orleans from France. The negotiators spend $15m for the entirety of the Louisiana Purchase, which should be illegal. However, Jefferson ignores the overspending, because it doubles the size of the U.S. This portrays him as a _____-_____.

flip-flopper

(Reason: he is usually a strict constructionist, as he wants the Federal government to have limited power, but here we see him giving the executive branch the power to overspend with no consequences.)

Fiscal definition

Relating to government money/spending

Fiscal conservative definition

A person who wants to reduce government spending (like Jefferson, who defunds the military and navy early in his presidency)

What is the goal of the Lewis and Clark Expedition?

Look for a northwest sea passage to the Pacific

Adams loses popularity due to the Alien and Sedition Acts and other unpopular decisions. When Jefferson is elected in November/December, he won’t take office until March. This causes Adams to have a _____ _____ _____.

lame duck period

Lame duck period definition

Congress ignores the petitions of the president from when he/she loses the election until his resignation because he/she is unpopular.

Adams, during his lame duck period and in a last minute attempt to influence the government, stuffs the lower judiciary courts with Federalist judges. These are called…

midnight judges

Which treaty ended the War of 1812?

Treaty of Ghent (in Belgium)

With Jefferson’s urging, Congress helped ban the Transatlantic Slave Trade the first day it was constitutionally allowed: January 1st of _____.

1808

The transfer of the presidency from a Federalist (Adams) to a Democratic Republican (Jefferson) set the important precedent of…

peaceful transfers of power

Timeline of important events during Adams’s presidency

1798 - XYZ Affair

1798 - Quasi-War with France

1798 - Alien and Sedition Acts

1798 - Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

1800 - Jefferson elected after 35 ties

Timeline of important events during Jefferson’s presidency

1801 - Jefferson inauguration, Barbary war begins

1803 - Louisiana Purchase and judicial review precedent

1804 - Lewis and Clark expedition begins

1805 - Corps of Discovery vote

1807 - Embargo Act

1808 - Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Banned