Celts Evidence

Hochdorf Prince Burial

5×5m chamber, Greek Bronze couch, Chinese Silk shirt, African motifs → elite funerary wealth + trade

Vix Torc

480g gold, Mediterranean Craftsmanship, 20-piece design → Elite status + ritual

Vix Krater

Largest known Greek bronze mixing vessel 1.63m tall, funerary offering ,Mediterranean import

Kirkburn Warrior

Warrior burial, spears pierced through body → ritualised warrior death

Lindow Man

Triple death (garroted, throat slit, skull fracture), hands show no labour → elite ritual sacrafice

Haraldskaer Woman

Well nourished, garrotted, pinned in bog with branches, isotope shows long travel → wealthy + ritual

Wetwang Woman

Iron mirror with blurred reflection in grave → link to afterlife, high female status

Battersea shield

Enammeled decorated shield found in Thames → Ceremonial/votive, not combat

Divining Spoons

Bronze ritual tools, liquid divination symbols → Druidic religious role

Lyn Cerid Bach Slave chain

Heavy iron collar chain for multiple slaves → evidence of slavery, lower class

Heuneburg Fort

Fortified Celtic town, Mediterranean-style mudbrick walls → elite control + trade links

Coligny Calendar

Bronze Calendar, 355 days, 5 year cycle → Druidic astronomy + ritual knowledge

Numismatic Evidence

Roman style coins with Celtic imagery (chariot scene) → hybrid identity, elite power + economy

Caesar - human sacrafice

“Human sacrifices, for the performance of which they employ druids.”

Caesar - literacy

(druids)”In their public and private transactions, they use Greek characters'“

Caesar - Druid education

“present themselves of their own accord to become students of Druidism”

Tacitus - Roman disruption

“Kingdom was pillaged by centurions… Icenians were stripped of their family”

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Hecataeus - trade

Massilia was “an important trading centre… often frequented by celts for luxury goods”

Cremin - Druids

Druid tradition was “entirely oral and memorised”

Eluere - Vix burial

“the princess of Vix”

Neil Oliver - art

Celtic art shows “technical perfection” and “artistic genius”

Green - ritual killings

“Ritual killing increased when the Celtic world… attack by Rome”

Green - ritual power

“a means of manipulating the future and manipulating power”

Kruta - Druids elite

Druids were an “exclusive intellectual elite”

Kruta - intermediaries

“Druids acted as intermediaries”

Ahmose I - Religious

“lapis lazuil;seals of gold; large vases” - Ahmose’s Stels at temple of Amun, Karnak

Ahmose I - Warrior Pharaoh

“His majesty had slain the nomads of Asia” - Ahmose son of Ebana

Khamose - Religious

“ I was upon him like a hawk”  (Evoking Horus Hawk God of Sky)

Khamose - Religious

“I shall grapple with him that i might crush his belly”

Amenhotep religious and Warrior Pharaoh

“His majesty smote that Nubian Bowman in the midst of his army” - connecting warrior pharaoh image to godly powers (accepted and empowered by gods)

Thutmose III - Religious

“Behold…these enemies that Ra abominates”  - His stela, Karnak

Warrior Pharaoh

17 military campains during reign, 1st campaing - captures city of Meggido

Thutmose III _ Breasted

“the greatest military leader of Egypt” (Breasted)

Akhenaten - monotheism

“Aten is the sole god” - his stela

Akhenaten - Old Temples

“Temples to old gods were closed” (Watterson)

Ahkenaten - House Altar of Akhenated and fam

Aten depicted as sun with little hands reaching out and touchign his fam

Akhenaten - artistic change

“Large heads, narrow shoulders, thick thighs” Taronas

Hatshpsut - Punt Expedition

“Boats leaded with myrrh trees” (Inscription from morturary temple at Deir el Bahri)

Hatshepsut legacy

“They shall speak of what I’ve done” - (inscription on pink obelisk at mortuary temple)

Hatshepsut - Building Program

Mortuary temple at Deir el Bahri - Biggest temple at gime

Hatshepsut - Amun words

“My soul… my crown… is hers” (inscribed on her mortuary temple at divine brith relief - said to be said by AMun)