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Studies about etiology/treatment/diagnosis for paper 2
Etiology definition
Origin or cause of symptoms/disorders
Gilbertson et al. date
2002
Gilbertson et al. design
Case control/twin study
Gilbertson et al. Participants
34 sets of identical twins, 1 twin went to war, the other didn’t.
Set A: Veteran with PTSD
Set B: Veteran without PTSD
Gilbertson et al. Method
Hippocampal volume of the non-veteran twins were measured
Gilbertson et al. Results
Trauma unexposed twins of veterans with PTSD had smaller hippocampal volumes compared to twins of veterans without PTSD
Gilbertson et al. limitations
Low population validity: only studied veteran males in the US
Cognitive reappraisal
A strategy to reduce emotional reactivity by re-evaluating the emotional stimuli
Urry et al. date
2006
Urry et al. Aim
To investigate the correlation between the vmPFC and the Amygdala during cognitive reappraisal
Urry et al. design
True experiment
Urry et al. participants
19 participants
Urry et al. method
Exposed to a range of emotionally unpleasant images in an fMRI, told to increase, decrease or attend
Urry et al. results
Higher activation of the vmPFC during "decrease" condition + greater reduction of amygdala activity
Urry et al. limitations
Low ecological validity because of laboratory conditions + mimics trauma with emotionally unpleasant images
SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors)
Blocks re-absorption of serotonin into pre-synaptic neuron -> more available serotonin in the synapse -> improved transmission
MacNamara et al. date
2016
MacNamara et al. aim
to study the effectiveness of Paroxetine (SSRIs)
MacNamara et al. design
true experiment
MacNamara et al. participants
34 male veterans, 17 diagnosed with PTSD
What method did MacNamara et al. use in their study?
Participants underwent an fMRI scan while doing an emotional regulation task requiring top-down processing/cognitive reappraisal.
How long was the break before repeating the emotional regulation task in MacNamara et al.'s study?
12 weeks
What treatment did participants with PTSD receive in MacNamara et al.'s study?
Paroxetine
MacNamara et al. Results
70% of PTSD group showed at least a 50% reduction in PTSD symptoms
increased activation in areas of the brain associated with emotional regulation/top-down processing
Which parts of the brain showed increased activation in MacNamara et al.?
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and supplementary motor area
Fear extinction
The process of unlearning a conditioned fear
Felmingham et al. date
2007
Felmingham et al. aim
To test the neurological effects of imagination therapy and cognitive restructuring
Felmingham et al. design
Correlational study
Felmingham et al. participants
5 females and 3 males with PTSD from car accidents or assault
Felmingham et al. method
used Clinically Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) questionnaire
viewed fearful/neutral faces in the fMRI
-> 8 weeks of imagination therapy sessions
Felmingham et al. results
30% reduction in CAPs scores
Positive correlation between CAPS scores and amygdala activation
Negative correlation between CAPS scores and functioning in anterior cingulate cortex (in the vmPFC)
Horne et al. date
2004
Horne et al. Aim
To investigate cultural differences in attitudes towards using medication
Horne et al. design
Observational study
Horne et al. participants
500 undergraduate students in the UK from either Asian or European cultural background
Horne et al. Method
Questionnaire about their attitude towards medication as a treatment
Horne et al. results
Asian students more likely to have negative attitudes towards using medication + perceive them as intrinsically harmful/addictive
Cultural competency
Understanding cultural backgrounds of patients and how that affects etiology/treatment/diagnosis
Hwang et al. date
2012
Hwang et al. participants
2000 US participants aged over 65 years old
Hwang et al. participants demographics
non-Latino whites, African-Americans, Asian-Americans and Latinos
Hwang et al. Method
Questionnaires: "What do you think causes depression?" + what treatments + speaking to someone about their mental health problem
What did Hwang et al. find about African-Americans' beliefs regarding stress and depression?
African-Americans are more likely to believe that stress/worry causes depression.
What type of advice are African-Americans more likely to seek according to Hwang et al.?
African-Americans are more likely to seek spiritual advice.
Who are African-Americans more likely to speak with about their mental health?
African-Americans are more likely to speak with family.
What did Hwang et al. find about Latinos' preferences for mental health treatment?
Latinos are more likely to choose medication.
What did Hwang et al. find about non-Latino whites and mental health professionals?
Non-Latino whites are more likely to see a psychiatrist.
What did Hwang et al. find about Asian-Americans' likelihood to speak with someone about mental health?
Asian-Americans are less likely to speak with anyone.
Who are Asian-Americans more likely to speak with regarding mental health?
Asian-Americans are more likely to speak with someone of the same racial group.
Turvey et al. date
2012
Turvey et al. aim
To compare different cultural attitudes towards depression
Turvey et al. participants
Russian, South Korean and American participants over 60
What percentage of American participants viewed depression as a sign of weakness?
6%
What percentage of Russians viewed depression as a sign of weakness?
61%
What percentage of Koreans viewed depression as a sign of weakness?
78%
Classification Systems
A detailed description of a range of psychological disorders and their symptoms, classified by specific characteristics
Clinical bias
The belief that a person seeking professional help must have something wrong with them
Confirmation bias
a tendency to search for information that is consistent with one's prior beliefs
Mendel et al. date
2011
Mendel et al. design
True experiment
Mendel et al. participants
75 psychiatrists
What was the main focus of Mendel et al.'s method?
Participants were given a case study about an old man.
What was the most probable diagnosis suggested in the first paragraph of the case study?
Depression
What does all the information in the case study actually suggest?
Alzheimer's disease
What could participants do after the initial diagnosis?
Ask for additional information about either diagnosis.
What did researchers measure in Mendel et al.'s study?
Accuracy of diagnosis and correlation between further information asked and accuracy of diagnosis.
What percentage of psychiatrists made an incorrect diagnosis according to Mendel et al.?
30%
What information did the psychiatrists who misdiagnosed ask for?
Information consistent with the original incorrect diagnosis
What behavior increased the likelihood of correctly diagnosing Alzheimer's in psychiatrists?
Asking for information that contradicted the depression diagnosis
Note 
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