physical geography

How many of the islands of the Philippines are inhabited

11 out of 7,000

How many active volcanoes are on the Philippines

Around 20

What’s the capital of the Philippines

Manila

What’s the population of the Philippines

104 million

What is the GNI per capita of the Philippines

$9540

What’s the HDI of the Philippines

0.712

What plate boundary is the Philippines on

Destructive (convergent) subduction

What primary seismic hazards does the Philippines experience

Ground shaking

What secondary seismic hazards does the Philippines experience

Liquefaction, fires, tsunamis, landslides and lahars

What primary volcanic hazards does the Philippines experience

Pyroclastic flow, lava flows, tephra and poisonous gases

What secondary volcanic hazards does the Philippines experience

Lahars, flooding, landslides and tsunamis

What are the characteristics of volcanoes in the Philippines

Strato, composite, ash or cinder volcanoes with steeply sloped sides

What is the natural or eruptions in the Philippines

Plinian explosive eruptions with rhyolitic or andesitic lava

What conditions makes the Philippines experience tropical storms

Ocean temperature of about 27 C and location 13 degrees above the equator so it experiences strong Coriolis effect

What hazards are associated with typhoons in the Philippines

Flooding, strong winds, storm surge, landslides and lahars

Why is steep slopes in the North of the Philippines hazardous

Steep relief so landslides, mudslides and lahars are all threats of earthquakes, storms and volcanoes

What hazards are associated with the low lying areas and small islands of the Philippines

Vulnerable to flooding and tsunamis all of which can be caused by earthquakes, volcanoes or storms

What is an example of an earthquake that occurred in the Philippines and what was the impacts?

Magnitude 7.8 earthquake in 1990 in Luzon. It killed 1,600 people and caused ground rupturing and soil liquefaction.

What are the examples of volcanic eruptions that occurred in the Philippines?

Pinatubo in 1991, Mayon in 2018 and Taal in 2021.

What occurred in the eruption of mt Pinatubo

Largest eruption on Earth in the 20th century. Deadly because 500,000 people lived within 40 km of the volcano. Early warnings and evacuation saved 5,000 lives. Ash affected global temperatures for 2 years. Heavy rain from typhoon yunya caused Lahars. 850 deaths.

What happened during the 2018 mount mayon eruption?

Lahars and rivers of mud occurred when ash mixed with heavy rains. Ash caused roofs to collapse and destroyed local agriculture. Pyroclastic flow, lava flows, lava bombs and rock fall occurred. No deaths but 74,000 evacuations and schools and colleges shut. Warnings for hazards provided.

What happened during the eruption of Taal?

Volcano sits in a crater lake and has about 33 eruptions on record. It is responsible for 5000-6000 deaths and is located 70km from Manila. Multiples cities located within 30 km. 2020 eruption had an ash cloud reaching 1 km high. 8000 people evacuated, potential tsunami, grounded planes and closed businesses.

What is the most frequent hazard in the Philippines?

Storms at 51.3%, floods at 31.9% so climatic hazards are more frequent

What are the least frequent hazards in the Philippines?

Drought and fire

What are the most costly hazards in the Philippines?

Floods for 79% and floods for 17.3% so mainly climatic hazards

What is the most deadly hazard in the Philippines?

Storms at 78.7% due to high winds, landslides, storm surges or disease. The second is earthquakes which causes 7.9% of deaths.

Which human factors exacerbated the vulnerability of the population to hazards in the Philippines?

Population density and distribution, wealth levels and land use change.

How has population density and distribution exacerbated vulnerability to hazards in the Philippines?

Population in Luzon is 64 million, with the density being 4.9 people per square kilometre. Over 10 million people in Manila. Overall population is 104 million. Most people are likely to be moving to cities.

How do wealth levels exacerbate hazards in the Philippines?

Not a wealthy country with a low GNI per capita. High human development. Low income country but on the verge of becoming a Newly emerging economy. Poorest people live in rural areas so inequality between urban and rural areas.

How does land use change exacerbate hazards in the Philippines?

High movement to urban areas so land use becomes more urban. More housing and concrete spreading out. Large amounts of deforestation. Mountainous areas restrict building so people are more crowded. This is also caused by large numbers of islands.

What management occurred in the Mayon eruption?

40,000 people evacuated. Province of Albay declared a state of calamity. Schools and colleges shut. Total evacuation was 74,000. Alert level 4. Danger zone up to 9km established. Earnings for landslides and volcanic flows. No one died. Successful evacuation but large amounts of damage to businesses, buildings and roads.

What management occurred during storm Trami?

Storm warnings and Lahar advisories raised. Dams opened stillways. Government offices and schools shut as well as the fishing industry and ferry services. Evacuations and emergency shelters set up. Emergency water filtration systems distributed.

How successful was management of Storm Trami?

Not enough lifeboats / personnel so search and rescue efforts were insufficient. More tropical storms and typhoons occurred directly after, so little time to recover from the storm. Efforts from within the country were effective, as aid was relatively fast and controlled within the country rather than internationally.

How is the Philippines showing resilience?

People are diversifying their incomes to move away from the coast. People pay more attention to storm warnings. More unity and cooperation among communities during storms. People rebuild their own homes when they are destroyed using traditional construction techniques. Communities around Mayon are learning how to fly drones for disaster mapping. Local governments oversee most of the recovery for their local area.

How have people in the Philippines been adapting to hazards?

Cooperation and partnership with governmental bodies to gain financial support for mitigation measures and to ensure sustainability. Train local volunteers in disaster management. Use land use mapping to determine where mitigation techniques can be effective.

What mitigation techniques are being used in the Philippines?

Sea walls and dykes to protect against physical hazards. Clean water supplies used to protect health. Land use plans and evacuation plans. Providing information about disasters to the public. Restoration of mangroves to prevent damage from flooding and storm surges.

What are the key challenges of management in the Philippines?

Tend to rely on a reactive response rather than a proactive response (not planning ahead). Lots of emphasis on short term preparedness, rather than long term response or mitigation. Current system is centralised top down system, administrative system doesn’t take local communities into account.

How much sediment is lost at Pevensey Bay a year?

25,000 km3

How long is the shingle beach at Pevensey Bay?

9 km

How many properties are at risk in Pevensey Bay?

10,000 properties

What road is at risk at Pevensey Bay?

A259 and the railway

Who are the stakeholders at Pevensey Bay?

Local councils, property residents, local farmers, Natural England, DEFRA, Pevensey coastal defence, Westminster dredging company

How much shingle can be gathered by a dredger at high tide at Pevensey?

2,000 tonnes or 200 lorry loads a day

How many groynes used to be at Pevensey?

150

How many groynes at Pevensey are being retained and repaired?

10

How much land is at risk of flooding in Pevensey?

50 km2

How far inland is Pevensey Bay?

2 km

What is the population of Pevensey?

4000

What direction do waves at Bognor Regis come from?

South west

What geology is at Bognor Regis?

Clays, fine silts and sand so unconsolidated material

What is the population of Bognor Regis?

24,000

What road is Bognor Regis situated on?

A259

How many properties are within 1 km of the coast at Bognor Regis?

80 to 90

How many properties are at risk at Bognor Regis and what is their value?

5034 properties with a value of £1,552 million

Who are the stakeholders at Bognor Regis?

Arun district council, Environment agency, butlins, Bognor Regis council, local residents and tourists

How many groynes are there at Bognor Regis?

92 timber groynes and 8 rock groynes

What months are surveys taken?

Spring and autumn

What year were groynes replaced at Bognor Regis?

1997

What land form occurs at Chichester harbour?

Ria

Who are the stakeholders at West Wittering?

East head coastal issues advisory group, natural England, environment agency, Chichester district council, the national trust, residents and visitors

What year was the narrowest section of the East Head Spit eroded?

2005

What years were banks built over surviving rock berm at East Head?

2005 and 2009

How many islands does Kiribati consist of?

33

On average how high above the ground is Kiribati?

A metre or less above sea level

When will most of the islands in Kiribati disappear?

In 50 years

How much faster is Kiribati sea level rising than the rest of the world?

4 times at 1.2 cm a year

How many people live in the most populated areas of Kiribati?

6,000

How much is sea level predicted to rise by in Kiribati?

1 m by 2100 and ½ a metre in the next 20-30 years

What is the total population of Kiribati?

100,000

Where does the fresh water come from in Kiribati?

One aqueduct

How long would it take the aqueduct to be fixed in Kiribati?

2 years

How much of the population lives within 1 km of the coast?

100%

What mitigation techniques do local people use in Kiribati?

Building sea walls out of stone and growing mangroves

What countries are people from Kiribati migrating to?

New Zealand and Australia

What economic status is Bangladesh?

Least developed country

What is the GDP per capita of Bangladesh?

$1800

How many storm surges were built for the Bangladesh ICZM?

2,000

How much of the Bangledesh population does the storm surges serve?

27%

How much embankment was built for the Bangledesh ICZM?

5000 km in the form of 123 barrier dams

How many square km is the Sundarbans?

40,000

How much of the Sundarvans is covered in forest?

10,000 square km

How many people live in the Sunderland?

3 million

How much is one hectare of mangrove forest worth?

$12,000

How much can 30 trees per 0.01 hectare of mangrove forest reduce the force of a tsunami by?

90%

How much oil was spilled in December 2014 in the Sundarbans?

94,500 gallons which spread over 35 miles

How many people depend on the mangrove forest in the Sundarbans?

2.5 million

When did the Australian wildfires occur?

October 2019 to March 2020

When did drought occur in Australia that caused the fires?

July to September 2019

How many people died in the Australia wildfires

34

How many buildings were burnt in the Australia wildfires?

5900

How many animals were killed in Australia?

1 billion including 25,000 koalas

How much vegetation was burnt in Australia?

186000 km2

How many Australians were affected by the wildfires?

57%

How much was the economic cost of the wildfires in Australia?

$4.4 billion

How much carbon was released in the Australia wildfires?

400 megatons

How many people were involved in the red cross teams in Australia?

1,150

How much money did the prime minister of Australia promise for recover?

$2 bn

When was Hurricane Maria?

20 September 2017

What category was hurricane Maria?

4

How high were the wind speeds in hurricane Maria?

155 mph with gusts up to 175 mph