BIOL 1105 FINAL EXAM

What is Science?

What is Science?

method for studying the natural world

deductive reasoning

reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.)

inductive reasoning

A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.

hypothesis-driven science

the process of scientific inquiry that uses the steps of the scientific method to answer questions about nature

Characteristics of living things

reproduce, grow, respond, cells, DNA, energy

Levels of Biological Organization

atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

A Mysterious Orange Cat Talks Openly Onstage & Sings Opera

taxonomic ranks in order

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Eukaryote

-all have nuclei
-single or multi celled
-plants
-fungi
-animals
-protisis

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

Adhesion

An attraction between molecules of different substances

amphipathic molecules

containing hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

Hydrophobic

Water fearing (Hydro=NO)

Hydrophilic

water loving

Acid

A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.

Base

A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.

cell theory

-all organisms have cells
-smallest living things
-pre-existing

hydroxyl group

-carbohydrates
-protiens
-nucelic acids
-lipids

carbonyl group

-carbohydrates
-nucelic acids

carboxyl group

-protiens
-lipids

amino group

-protiens
-nucelic acids

sulfhydryl group

protiens

phosphate group

nucleic acids

methyl group

protiens

Carbohydrates

energy storage, structural support

protiens

enzymes, structural support

nucelic acids

storage and transfer of genetic information

Lipids

energy storage, membrane structure, cell communication

Monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

disaccharides

sucrose, lactose, maltose

Polysaccharides

many sugars

amino acid sequence

The order of the amino acid subunits in a protein chain. Sometimes called the primary structure of a protein.

polypeptide secondary structure

polypeptide tertiary structure

polypeptide quarternary structure

Nucleoid

A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Ribosomes

Makes proteins

plasma membrane

phospholipid bylayer

prokaryotic cells

do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles

endomembrane system

A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.

Rough ER

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.

Smooth ER

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes.

Golgi apparatus

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

Lysosomes

An organelle containing digestive enzymes

Vessicle

A small, membrane-bound sac that transports subjects in and out of cells.

Vacuole

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

Mitcohondira

"powerhouse of the cell", produces ATP, has double membranes, contains own DNA, resemble bacteria

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

Centrosome

A structure in animal cells containing centrioles from which the spindle fibers develop.

factors that reduce membrane fluidity

-temperature
-longer fattty acid chains
-saturated fatty acid chains

membrane protiens

transport by channel proteins

create a pore in the membrane

passive transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell

active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

coupled transport

The movement of a substance against its electrochemical gradient (from lower to higher concentration, or from opposite charge to like charge) using the energy provided by the simultaneous movement of a different chemical down its electrochemical gradient.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
low to high

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

Pinocytosis

Cell drinking

receptor-mediated endocytosis

binding of ligands to receptors triggers vesicle formation

Phagocytosis

Cell eating

Thermodynamics

The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter.

Oxidation

loss of electrons

reduction

gain of electrons

redox reactions (oxidation-reduction reactions)

first law of thermodynamics

Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

second law of thermodynamics

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.

Gibbs free energy

H= enthalpy
T= temperature (K)
S= entropy
G= change in free energy

endergonic reaction

A non-spontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings.

exergonic reaction

A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy.

activation energy

Energy needed to get a reaction started

catalyst

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

Enzymes as biological catalysts

Each enzyme lowers the activation energy of the reaction it catalyses to speed up rate of reaction

active site

The part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs.

catalytic cycle

factors that influence enzyme function

-temp
-pH
-regulatory

Anabolic

A process in which large molecules are built from small molecules

catabolic

A process in which large molecules are broken down

feedback inhibition

A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

compound used by cells to store and release energy

atp cycle

autotrophs

Organisms that make their own food

Heterotroph

An organism that cannot make its own food.

cellular respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

anerobic respiration

Respiration that does not require oxygen

Glycolysis

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.

pyruvate oxidation

Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and CO2 that occurs in the mitochondrial matrix in the presence of O2.

Krebs cycle

third stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions

electron transport chain

A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.

ATP synthesis during glycolysis

-occurs via substrate-level phosphorylation
-direct transfer of Pi from another molecule (PEP) to ADP

pyruvate oxidation during aerobic respiration

-Occurs In:
-Mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotes
-Plasma membrane of prokaryotes
-Catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase

Acetyl CoA+Oxaloacetate-->Citrate

citrate synthase

Citrate rearrangement and decarboxylation

second step in krebs cycle

Regeneration of Oxaloacetate

A water molecule is added forming Malate, which is then oxidized to produce an NADH molecule. Forms oxaloacetate and the Krebs cycle is ready to repeat again

aerobic respiration
-one glucose molecule has been oxidized to

6CO2, 4 ATP, 10 NADH, 2 FADH2

electron transport chain

allows for the stepwise extraction of energy as electrons are passed from component to the next

ETC components

-4 protein complexes I, II, III, IV
-additional protein components: coenzyme Q and cytochrome C

Chemiosmosis

A process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme.

anaerobic respiration

-inorganic molecules used as final e- acceptor
-many prokaryotes use sulfur, carbon dioxide or even inorganic metals
-free energy relseased and ATP is less

Fermentation

-glycolysis is only source of ATP
- use of organic molecules as final e- acceptor
-redeuces organic molecs. to regenerate NAD+