AP World History Modern Ginnochio: Chapter 10 and 11 Test (Practice Written)

World Economy

A term used to describe the global economy after the connection of trade between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia.

Holland

The Netherlands

Prince Henry the Navigator

(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire. Looked for Prester John.

Cape of Good Hope

Southern tip of Africa, first sailed around by the Portuguese.

Vasco de Gama

First European (Portuguese) to reach India by going under Africa.

Bertholomeu Dias

First Portuguese explorer to reach the Cape of Good Hope

Christopher Columbus

He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India. Believed he found India, and went on many expeditions to the Americas.

Ferdinand Magellan

His expedition was the first to circumnavigate the Earth, the Strait of Magellan is named after him.

Dutch East India Company

Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.

British East India Company

A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.

joint-stock company

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts. These companies often owned colonies and functioned as governments.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Lepanto

Naval battle between the Spanish and the Ottoman Empire resulting in a Spanish victory in 1571. Naval superiority of Europeans.

Core Nations

Nations, usually European, that enjoyed profit from world economy; controlled international banking and commercial services such as shipping; exported manufactured goods for raw materials.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of raw materials for cheap (normally from their colonies), and exporting manufactured goods at an increased price (normally forced back to their colonies).

Which Asian countries drew back from the world during this time (isolation)

China, Korea, Japan

Vasco de Balboa

First European to reach mainland north America. Landed on the ithsmus of Panama. He was Spanish.

Fransisco Pizzaro

the Spanish conquistador that conquered the Inca.

Seven Years War

(1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.

Treaty of Paris

Ended seven years war, gave the French their Carribean sugar islands back.

Cape Colony

Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 initially to provide a coastal station for the Dutch seaborne empire; by 1770 settlements had expanded sufficiently to come into conflict with Bantus.

Boers

Dutch settlers in South Africa

Calcutta

Headquarters of British East India Company in Bengal in Indian subcontinent; located on Ganges; captured in 1756 during early part of Seven Years' War; later became administrative center for all of Bengal.

Fransesco Petrarch

Father of Renaissance humanism

Niccolo Machiavelli

(1469-1527) Wrote The Prince which contained a secular method of ruling a country. "End justifies the means."

Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

Secularism

An indifference to religion and a belief that religion should be excluded from civic affairs and public education.

Northern Renaissance

More religious than the Italian Renaissance, but still incorporated the ideas from the Italian Renaissance. It was more religious because the Protestant Reformation was occurring in Northwestern Europe.

Francis I

King of France in the 16th century; regarded as Renaissance monarch; patron of arts; imposed new controls on Catholic church; ally of Ottoman sultan against Holy Roman emperor.

Johannes Gutenberg

Brought the printing press to Europe

European Style Family

Originated in 15th century among peasants and artisans of western Europe, featuring late marriage age, emphasis on the nuclear family, and a large minority who never married. Brought to American Colonists.

Martin Luther

95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.

Protestanism

General wave of religious dissent against the Catholic church; generally held to have begun with Martin Luther's attack on Catholic beliefs in 1517; included many varieties of religious belief

Angelican Church

Church of England, predominant in the South. Protestant, Calvinist

Jean Calvin

Father of Calvinism and Predestination

Catholic Reformation

a 16th century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation, made Jesuits

Jesuits

A new religious order founded during the Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work; sponsored missions to South America, North America, and Asia

Edict of Nantes

Granted religious tolerance to Protestants in France

Thirty Years War

Fight between German protestants and their allies against the Holy Roman Empire. Ended with Treaty of Westphalia.

Treaty of Westphalia

Gave religious freedom to rulers within the Holy Roman Empire.

English Civil War

Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king Charles I

Proletariat

working class that suffered during the commercial revolution due to not having access to wealth producing property.

Copernicus

Devised a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not earth. Heliocentric Theory.

Kepler

Astronomer and mathematician made the elliptical heliocentric theory.

William Harvey

Discovered the use of the heart as a pump, English physician.

Francis Bacon

He invented the Scientific Method.

René Descartes

Established the importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom. Descartes Rule of Signs.

Gallileo

Italian scientist and astronomer; excommunicated for supporting the heliocentric (sun-centered) view of the solar system.

Newton

Established principles of motion and defined gravity in the Principia Mathematica

Deism

Belief that god set the world in motion, but doesn't interfere, there are no miracles, humans have to figure out how the world works.

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

Absolute Monarchy

A system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has complete power,

Louis XIV (14th)

Famous Absolute French Monarch known for saying "I am the state"

Glorious Revolution

the overthrow of King James II of England, replaced with William and Mary of Orange

Parliamentary Monarchy

A government with a king or queen whose power is limited by the power of a parliament

Frederick the Great

Enlightened Despot of Prussia, made many reforms such as freedom of religion and better education.

Enlightenment

A movement that emphasized science and reason as guides to help see the world more clearly, more political and scientific than the Renaissance which was more of a cultural and artistic movement.

Adam Smith

father of capitalism

Denis Diderot

Wrote the encyclopedia

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women. Enlightenment thinker

Mass Consumerism

Trade in products designed to appeal to a global market, in which products were more open to people who were not in the highest classes. More manufacturing.

Proto-globalization

term used to describe the increase of global contacts from the sixteenth century onward, particularly in trade, while also distinguishing early modern developments from the more intense exchanges characteristic of outright globalization.

Voltaire

Freedom of speech, religion, and press

Becarria

believed that law existed for social order, and was against torture

Rousseu

French philosopher and writer, wrote the social contract (people would have a direct democracy, everyone would and could vote) hostile to religion-

Montesquieu

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755)

Why was the Renaissance in Italy?

Hit by the Black Plague, Urban, Byzantine Empire knowledge, EDUCATION, rediscovery of Greco-Roman Classics,

Civic Humanism

humanism with the added belief that one must be an active and contributing member to one's society (Political Humanism)

Who drew the Virtruvian Man? What is important about it?

DaVinci. It is important because it shows the value of virture and ideals during the Renaissance (idealism), DaVinci was kind of the perfect Renaissance man because he was an expert in many areas.

Thomas Moore

1516 wrote Utopia about an imaginary land inhabited by a peace-loving people, an ideal place. In Utopia, greed, corruption, war, and crime had been weeded out.

Erasmis

Wrote a satire of the church

Order of Rule in England pre-parliament.

James I, Charles I, Oliver Cromwell, Charles II, James II, Will and Mary of Orange

Important boat technology

Sternpost rudder, lateen sails, compass, astrolabe, superior hulls, gunships: Carracks, improved maps. Other boats; Caravel and Carrack (Portuguese), Gallieon (Spanish), Fluyt (Dutch),

Council of Trent

Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings, forbade the sale of indulgences

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.