[FINALS] Endocrine System 2

Part 1

Endocrine

Which among the two functions of the pancreas includes ductless glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream?

Glucagon

What do the alpha cells of the pancreas produce?

Insulin

What do the beta cells of the pancreas produce?

Somatostatin

What do the delta cells of the pancreas produce?

70-110 mg/dl

What is the normal range of blood glucose levels?

180 mg/dl

What is the renal threshold?

Duodenum

Where in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are the digestive enzymes from the pancreas emptied?

Increased blood sugar and PNS stimulation associated with digestion

Insulin is secreted in response to which two factors?

Liver, adipose tissue, muscles

What are the target tissues of insulin?

Hypothalamic satiety center

On which cells in the brain does insulin act to regulate appetite?

False

True or False: Eating slowly may lead to overeating because the brain has not yet received the satiety signal.

True

True or False: Eating too fast may lead to overeating because the brain has not yet received the satiety signal.

Glycogenolysis

What process involves the conversion of glycogen in the liver into glucose?

Glycogenesis

What process involves the storage of glycogen in the liver?

Somatostatin

Which pancreatic hormone regulates overall hormone balance and prevents overstimulation of the pancreas?

Glucocorticoid (Cortisol)

Which hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex supports protein and fat metabolism and facilitates gluconeogenesis?

True

True or False: Diabetics who may be compliant with their medications, diet, and exercise, but are always under stress, are still hyperglycemic.

Vasoconstriction, release of Aldosterone, and release of ADH

What are the three main effects of Angiotensin II?

Type 1 DM

What type of DM is considered insulin-dependent due to the absence of insulin?

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

Patients with type 1 DM are more prone to developing what complication?

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Syndrome (HHS)

Patients with type 2 DM are more prone to developing what complication?

Type 2 DM

What type of DM is considered non-insulin dependent due to insulin resistance?

Addison’s disease/Adrenal insufficiency

What disease is characterized by the lack of both cortisol and aldosterone?

Atrophy or damage of the adrenal cortex due to an autoimmune process

What causes Addison’s disease?

Cushing’s syndrome/Hypercortisolism

What disease is characterized by increased production of cortisol due to overproduction of glucocorticoids?

Tumor/lesion on the adrenal cortex

What causes the overproduction of glucocorticoids in Cushing’s Syndrome?

Conn’s Syndrome/Hyperaldosteronism

What disease is caused by a tumor or lesion, resulting in the hypersecretion of aldosterone?

Hypernatremia, Hypervolemia, Hypokalemia

What are the three main manifestations of Conn’s Syndrome?