World Civ: Islam and African Civillizations

Arab

polytheistic traders in the arabian peninsula

how to the arab people live

in tribes but often at war with one another

mecca

city that collected religious artifacts and used them for profitable religious tourism

kaaba

arab shrine

muhammad

merchant from mecca who founded islam

orphaned young

spiritual experience in cave

final prophet “true god” Allah

quran

written compilation of Muhammads revelations from Allah

written in poetic verse

what is the quran critical of

excessive wealth

exploitation of the poor

abuse of women

neglect of widows and orphans

How did Muhammads message go over with local authorities

not good

Did Muhammad have a big group of followers

no he had a small group

why did Muhammad and his followers leave Mecca

they were persecuted and driven out of fear for their lives

Medina

city Muhammad and his followers moved to in 622 to escape persecution in mecca (hijra or migration)

start of islamic calendar

known as “city of the prophet”

islam grows quickly

630

Muhammad and followers (the umma) attack Mecca

City leaders give up before the attack

Muhammad orders all pagan shrines destroyed except for Kaaba

armies of Islam spread across Arabian Peninsula, uniting under the banner of Islam

Hajj

muslim custom that commemorates from campaign from medina

632

Muhammad dies

Muhammad was also a political and military leader

Most of Arabia converted to Islam- acted like an empire

Islam spread fast through conquest over 150 years

Bashidun Caliphate (632-661)

first caliphate to succeed Muhammad

took much of Egypt, Holylands, and Syria

weakened the Byzantines

conquered mesopatamia and persia

Umayyad Caliphate (661-750)

next muslim dynasty

moved capitol to Damascus to be closer to trade

expanded the empire

replaced abbasid dynasty

150 years islam primary spread “through the sword”

battle of talas river 751 ce

muslim advancement into central and east asia

who was the battle of the talas river against

china

who won the battle of the talas river

Abbasid caliphate

battle of tours 732 CE

in france stopped advancement into europe

who was the battle of tours against

the franks (france)

who won the battle of tours

the franks

after 750

the spread of islam occurred through trade and missionary activities

islamic society and culture became more stable with less wars of conquest

an islamic golden age

Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258)

long lived islamic state centered in Baghdad that expirience a golden age of education, literature technology, wealth, and art

similar to persian and roman empires

toppled by mongols

why did islam differ from buddhism and christianity

it spread much more quickly

how did islam spread

through military conquest, trade, tolerance, and missionary activity

what was the islamic state under Muhammad and followers?

theocratic

theocracy

government ruled by leaders who are believed to be divinely guided

caliph

head of islamic state after Muhammed died

there was conflict after Muhammed’s death 

starts out political then turns religious

Sunni

majority of muslims felt the Caliph should be chosen by islamic community

Was sunni blood related to Muhammad

no

Shia (Shiite)

minority of muslims felt caliph should be a decendent of Muhammad

was shia (shiite) blood related to Muhammad

yes

conversion to islam

after conquest, defeated people were invited to join religion

Dhimmis

tolerance to those who kept their religion

Jizya

tax put on non muslims

Sufis

missionaries who lived simple lives and preached messages for common man

promoted spread of islam

used acts of service

women

rights were given to them by the quran

equal to men in eyes of Allah

could own property and have money

no female infanticide

when did women lose rights?

when islam merged with persian culture

hadiths

sayings of the prophet Muhammad

poorly sourced and controversial

not recognised by all muslims

islamic empires

empires emerged and brought golden age of achievement and stability

dar al-islam

islamic sphere of influence

stretched from spain to india

5 pillars of islam

obligations to bind all muslims together

what are the 5 pillars of islam

public declaration of faith

pray towards mecca 5 times a day

give to the poor’ fast during daylight hours in the holy month of ramadan

Hajj at least once in life if able

sharia

laws that regulated every aspect of muslim life

ulma

judges and interpreters who teach and transmit faith

education

islamic states of middle ages had a large emphasis on education and learning

madrassas

schools for higher learning

dar al-islam

specialized in agriculture0 sugar coffee and citrus fruit

manufactured paper- learned from the chinese

usedroman and persian roads for trade

lateen sail and astrolabe helped in sailing

banking- loans and checks

1st extensive medical encyclopedia and opened the first pharmacys

developed hindi- known as arabic- numerals and algebra

high respect for greek and persian culture

limited use of images in art and architecture- geometric and caligraphy

bantu

language originated in west africa around 3000 bc

spread slowly across africa

evolved into over 400 languages 

brought iron working and diseases

migration led to growth all over Africa

agricultural societies

developed all over Africa

bananas became main crop- they were left by indonesian sailors

bantu society

less patriarchal than urban civilizations

religious emphasis on ancestors or natural spirits engaged in “continuous revelation”

cattle sacraficed for ancestors

belief in diviners, charms, and witches

meroe

nubian civilization south of egypt ruled by a monach (sometimes a woman)

contemporary of greece and rome

farmingbassed on rainfall, not irrigation

deforestation (too much wood was used for iron smelting) led to its decline

axum (150 BCE-960 BCE)

located in norther Ethiopia with various religions (Judaism, copic christianisty, islam, etc) 

economy based on plow bades agriculture and taxes on traded goods

traded across red sea and indian ocean

built obelisks (huge stone markeers) for royal graves

christianity became major religion

who had direct contact with mediteranian civilizations

meroe and axum

niger river civilizations

west africa, no states, no city states, no coercive rule, no large conflicts

develop a societal caste system

long distance trade by boat and donkey

Jenne- Jeno

major west african city- center of iron smelting

made metal works that were not practiced by europeans until 1500s CE

were most sub saharan african languages written down?

no

how was information translated

by griots who would travel town to town performing stories for the people

what traits did African civilizations have that made them like 1st and 2nd wave civilizations

bureaucratic, tax systems, and conquering armies

domesticated camel saddle

allowed for an increased flow of trade across sahara desert

merchants brought islam to sub saharan africa across caravan trade routes

ghana (800-1000 CE)

1st great west african trading kingdom- it traded gold and salt

largest contributer to worlds gold supply

eventually absorbed into mali which was a larger kingdom

mansa musa

powerful and rich king of Mali from 1200-1400 CE

devout muslim

took hajj to Mecca

distorted local ecnomies during journey

possibly the richest person in history

used power and influence to spread islam

west africa

kingdoms converted to islam in order to improve relations with merchants and get financial support and better prices from arab muslims

timbuktu

important trade and cultural hub

kongo

developed during late middle ages

royal family had strong central control

relationships with europeans for slaves and internal family issues weakened state

great zimbabwe

interior central african kingdom of the late middle ages

built stone complexes

became rich trading slaves, cattle. and gold to merchants along coast

mysteriously abandoned their cities

most likely because they couldn’t support such a large population

What did the Middle Ages refer to

the fall of Rome and the Renissance

What was the middle ages like for Europe

it was often referred to as the dark ages

what was the middle ages for most other countries

it was often referred to as the golden age

What are some examples of traditional empires

islam, mongols, and china

what does it mean to be a traditional empire

they still were trying to conquer territories

what empires thrived?

smaller empires such as india and venice

what was the silk road

land from central asia into afro-eurasia

what transported luxury goods

animals

What was the first ocean people were able to reliably navigate

indian ocean

what helped people safely travel

predictable monsoons

what was primarily transported on the indian ocean

bulk items

what happened after the Gupta Empire fell

India was split into multiple kingdoms

what happened to southeast asia

it grew due to trade

how did Angkor Wat become wealthy

trading forest goods to china and taxing ships

Swahili City States

In East Africa

Blended Bantu and Muslim

Each city state was politically independent

west africa

developed major trade routes across the sahara desert due to camels

caravans

groups of travelers who banded together to make safer trips

diseases

smallpox, measles, and bubonic plague

europeans built up an immunity

byzantine Empire

old roman empire- lasted over 1000 years and fell in 1453

wealthy and urbanized

crossroads of europe and asia

used roman infastructure

strong army, navy, and mechant marine

secret wepon called “Greek fire” huge military advantage early on

constantinople

highly defensible capital city “New Rome”

hippodrome

where entertainment and sports took place

justinian

emporer- built the church of hagia sophia

developed law code made greek the official language

tried and failed to conquer western europe

caesaropapism

church was tied to the state

state had final say

patriarch of contantinople

religious leader of the byzantine empire

what were the differences between byzantine church and roman catholic church in rome

jesus’ humanity (fully devine, part devine, full human)

use of icons (paintings of religious figures) 

praying to saints

celibacy for priests

power of the pope

1054 (great schism)

byzantine eastern orthodox church permanently seperated from rome when pope and patriarch excommunicated each other

first major break in christianity

split is still seen today

eastern orthodox officials are more differential to government authorities

western catholic and protestant officials are more independent

who had major influence on growing their culture by spreading the word allong their trade routes into easter europe 

eastern orthodox missionaries

what impacted political, cultural, economic, and societal between western and eastern europe for the last millenium

the split between roman catholics and eaastern orthodox

who is the 1st of many to claim ancestry to power and glory of rome

byzantine empire

venice

city state that became the chief center of the mediterranian sea commerece by 1000

“trading empire” didnt have a lot of land

built on an island for better defense