Biology Exam Review Flashcards

A collection of flashcards to assist in studying for the biology exam.

What are the 3 types of symmetry?

Bilateral, Radial, Asymmetrical.

What type of digestive systems do flatworms have?

An incomplete digestive system (no anus - waste expelled through mouth).

What is the purpose of the ring structure in earthworms?

Secretes mucus to bind mating individuals and forms a protective cocoon for the eggs. (copulation end egg storage)

What are cnidarians and how do they reproduce?

A phylum of animals that are diploblastic with radial symmetry and stinging cells; reproduce asexually or sexually depending on the stage.

Why are birds considered tetrapods?

Because they evolved from tetrapod ancestors.

What is a hexapod and provide examples?

Hexapods are insects and relatives with six legs; examples include ants, cockroaches, butterflies, and bees.

Do sharks have bones?

No, they are cartilaginous.

How often is blood filtered through the kidneys per day?

60 times a day.

What organ produces bile?

The liver.

What organ secretes bile after storage?

The small intestine.

What organ secretes pepsin?

The stomach.

What organ secretes insulin?

The pancreas.

What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 Diabetes?

Type 1: pancreas does not produce insulin; Type 2: pancreas produces less insulin or body cannot use it effectively.

What is the function of veins and arteries?

Arteries carry blood from the heart, while veins bring blood to the heart.

How many chambers does a human heart have? What’s the name of the chambers?

Four chambers: two atria (left and right atrium) and two ventricles (left and right ventricles).

What is the flow of air to the lungs?

Nasal cavity/mouth - pharynx and larynx - trachea - lungs.

Which side of the heart receives oxygenated blood?

The left side receives oxygenated blood, while the right side receives deoxygenated blood.

What does upregulation mean in terms of hormone levels?

An increase in the number of hormone receptors in response to increased hormone levels.

What are the three muscle types and their locations?

Skeletal muscle (attached to bones), Cardiac muscle (found in the heart), Smooth muscle (found in hollow organs).

What is the difference between appendicular and axial skeleton?

Axial skeleton forms the central axis; appendicular skeleton includes bones of the limbs.

What is the purpose of the hyoid bone?

Provides a movable base for the tongue and is connected to muscles for speaking, breathing, and swallowing.

What does the thoracic cage consist of?

Consists of ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and costal cartilages.

What is rheumatoid arthritis and in what ages is it prominent?

An inflammatory disorder affecting synovial joints, prominent in ages 40-50.

What causes muscle contraction?

The sliding action of myosin and actin fibers upon binding.

Do jellyfish have a brain?

No.

What is a nerve net?

A system of connected nerve cells (neurons), found in jellyfish.

How many neurons do octopuses, mice, and humans have?

Octopus: 300 million; Mouse: 75 million; Human: 86 billion.

What is a neurotransmitter?

A chemical messenger that sends signals between neurons.

What is neurogenesis and in which bird was it first found?

The process of forming new neurons; first found in songbirds.

What is a synaptic cleft?

The space between presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.

What fluid does our brain float in?

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

How do both hemispheres in our brains communicate?

Via the corpus callosum, which is a thick bundle of fibers.

What hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary?

Growth hormone, Prolactin, Thyroid stimulating hormone, Adrenocorticotropic hormone, Follicle-stimulating hormone, Luteinizing hormone.

Growth Hormone

promotes growth of body tissues

Prolactin Hormone

promotes milk production

Thyroid stimulating hormone

stimulates thyroid hormone release

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

stimulates hormone release by adrenal cortex

Follicle-stimulating hormone

stimulates gamete production

Luteinizing hormone

In females, it triggers ovulation and stimulates the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone; in males, it stimulates testosterone production.

What hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary?

Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

Antidiuretic hormone

stimulates water reabsorption by kidneys

Oxytocin

stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth