Biology

Testing a(n) hypothesis involves performing a(n)

experiment

List the characteristics of the oxygen atom in a water molecule.

It has a negative charge which draws electrons more strongly than the hydrogen atoms

List in correct order the steps in the scientific method of investigation.

Ask question, form hypothesis, investigate, test hypothesis, conclusion

Science is a way of gaining knowledge about the natural world and is done by

scientific investigation and by using the scientific method.

The best definition of biology is

The study of life

Define homeostasis

Maintaining a stable internal environment

A cell is best defined as

building block of life

List the kingdoms of life

archae, bacteria, protozoa, chromista, plantae, fungi, and animalia

List the unifying principles of biology.

cell theory, gene theory, homeostasis, evolution

List an example of a scientific law

Law of Independent Assortment

What is the dependent variable?

The variable that changes

What is the independent variable?

Impacts dependent variable

Define ecosystem

All living things in given area

List the four nucleotides of the DNA molecule

adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

What are the subunits of complex carbohydrates called?

monosaccharides

Proteins are made of subunits called what?

amino acids

Nucleic acids are made of subunit called what?

nucleotides

What is activation energy in a chemical reaction?

energy needed to start a reaction

The activities of enzymes depend upon what three things?

Temperature, ionic conditions, and pH of surroundings

What is the difference between and endothermic reaction and an exothermic reaction?

Endothermic reactions absorb heat while exothermic reactions release heat.

List three characteristics of a water molecule

It attracts electrons, naturally breaks down to form ions, and gives up a positively charged hydrogen ion

Acids have what pH range?

Less than 7

Define a compound

A substance consisting of two or more elements that are chemically combined.

Define atom

the basic unit of a chemical element.

List the characteristics of organic compounds

Organic compounds make up the cells and other structures of organisms and carry out life processes.

Know characteristics of carbohydrates

Sugars or starches and they provide energy to cells

What are the building block molecules of proteins?

amino acids

Nucleic acids carry the genetic code in what part of the molecule?

Ribonucleic acid

What is activation energy?

energy needed to start a reaction

List three structures that are present in all cells

cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes

What is the one main difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells have nucleus

In what organelle are proteins made?

ribosomes

List three characteristics of the nucleus?

in the cytoplasm, surronded by a membrane, contains DNA, and

List the three parts of the cell theory

All living things are made up of cells, cells are the basic units of all living things, and all existing cells come from preexisting cells

Name the organelle that is specific to plant cells

chloroplasts

What organelle helps make and transport proteins and lipids?

endoplasmic reticulum

Cells use energy from glucose to make what

ATP

Where are proteins made in the cell

Ribosomes

The cytoplasm consists of what?

organelles and cytosol

Which organelle transfers the energy in glucose into molecules of ATP?

mitochondria

In a plant cell list the three structures that contain DNA.

Nucleus, Chloroplasts, Mitochondria

What is the main difference between passive transport and active transport?

Passive uses no energy and active uses energy

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

What part of the cell determines what enters and leaves the cell

Lipids in cell membrane

List three types of passive transport

diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

active transport

the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.

What is the basic unit of structure and function in all living things?

cells

All the material inside the plasma membrane of a cell is referred to as what?

cytoplasm

What it the difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, prokaryotic cells do not

Why are viruses not considered to be living things?

Viruses do not reproduce

Plasma membranes are composed of what type of lipid.

phospholipid

The energy for active transport comes from what molecules?

ATP

Know examples of autotrophs

Algae, plants Autotrophs make own nutrients and energy

Photosynthesis using energy from what to make food

sunlight

What is the product of photosynthesis?

glucose and oxygen

What molecule contains too much energy for the cell to use?

Glucose

What organisms form the basis of food chains?

Primary producers

What is a heterotroph

An organism that cannot make its own food.

What three things do the light reactions of photosynthesis require?

Water, Sun energy, carbon dioxide

What is the only product of the Calvin cycle?

glucose

List the steps in order of cellular respiration.

Glycolysis, the krebs cycle, and electron transport

Where is the electron transport chain of cellular respiration located in the mitochondria?

Membrane

What is the final electron acceptor of cellular respiration

Oxygen

How many ATP molecules can be made from one glucose molecule?

38

What type of respiration was the first to evolve?

anaerobic

In the absence of oxygen, what are the most ATP molecules that can be produced from one glucose molecule?

4

List the two types of fermentation

alcoholic and lactic acid

Fermentation involves which stage(s) of cellular respiration?

Glycolysis

What does lactic acid do to your muscles?

makes them sore

What are autotrophs?

an organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals

What is a product of cellular respiration?

water and carbon dioxide

Where do the light reactions of photosynthesis take place?

chloroplasts

What is the first step in cellular respiration called?

Glycolysis

The light reactions of photosynthesis occur inside what organelle?

chloroplasts

What is mitosis? What is cytokinesis?

division of the nucleus and division of the cytoplasm

List the order of the eukaryotic cell cycle.

G1, S G2, M

Why is cell division in eukaryotic cells a complex process?

Multiple chromosomes, nucleus, and organelles

define cancer

A genetic disease in which cells form out of control and form abnormal masses of cells.

What does mitosis ensure for the new cells?

Each daughter cell will contain one exact copy of the parent cell DNA.

List the steps in order of mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

What type of cell division reduce the number of chromosomes in a cell by half?

Meiosis

In which phase of mitosis do chromatids appear?

Metaphase

How many chromosomes do human gametes have?

46

Define independent assortment

the alleles of two or more different genes get sorted into gametes independently of each other

Binary fission

A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size

What type of cell and what chromosome number does human fertilization produce?

Zygote

Meiosis begins with one cell and ends with how many cells?

4

Genetics is the science of what?

Genes and heredity

Aa is what type of genotype?

heterogeneous

List Mendel's two laws of genetics?

The law of segregation and the law of independent assortment.

Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

Ab individual has what type of genotype?

Heterogeneous dominant

46. AABB X aabb cross has what potential genotypes?

Aa, Bb

Codominance

A condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant or recessive.

ABO alleles can have how many possible genotypes?

6

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

DNA → RNA → Protein or RNA → Protein

A double helix most closely resembles what structure?

spiral staircase

How does RNA differ from DNA?

RNA is much smaller than DNA, it consists of one nucleotide chain, instead of two, contains the nitrogen base uracil instead of thymine, and contains the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose

Function of mRNA

copies code from DNA and moves the info to the ribosome