Chapter 15 - Expanding the Nations Boundaries

the Indians were being forced to cross the —— —— but at the same time white pioneers were moving west across the river casting eager eyes further ——-.

Mississippi River, westward

*——- was the first state west of the Mississippi to be added to the union. The settlers subdued the tribes further north and created the —— ———-.

Missouri, Iowa Territory

To the west of Missouri and the Iowa Territory were the —— ——- known to the pioneers as the —— ——- ——- this area did —— —— settlers until later. however they provided good living conditions for the ——-

Great plains, great american desert, not attract, indians

West of the Great Plains were the —— ——- region where the crows, shoshones and the flatheads amoung other tribes were located. 

rocky mountains

the ——-, —- ——- and —— —- of the ——- ——- were the homelands of the cayuses, the yakamas, the chinooks and other tribes

forests, fertile valleys, dry areas, oregon territory

south and southwest of the great plains was ——-, —— ——- and ———. These territories were settled by —— and ——— and also by indiantribes such as the apaches, the comanches, the navajos and the pubelos.

texas, new mexico, arizona, Spaniards, Mexicans

farther west in ——- were other small groups of ——.

California, indians

In the 40s and 50s the ——- ——- created a distinct way of living in the —— whereas ——- created a distinct way of living in the ———. During the same time the west was being established this was a very fertile area known as the ——- ——— or the ——- ———

industrial revolution, north, cotton, south, pacific northwest, oregon country

in the 20s four nations had claims to the oregon country they were, ——-, ——, —— —— and the —— ——-

spain, russia, great britain, united states

the spanish claim to oregon dated back to an ——- between spain and ——— and it gave up this claim under the same treaty that ceded ——- to the US

agreement, portugal, florida

Russia based its claims to the Oregon country on the explorations of —— ——- a Dane who had explored the area for russia in 1741. Russia put increased ——- along the —— ——- which lead to the ——- ———, after that they decided to ——- their claims to all lands south of the 54th parallel.

vitus bering, pressure, pacific coast, monroe doctrine, withdraw

Great Britian backed their claims to this land off of the early voyages made there by —— ——- and by —— ——- ——-. They encouraged the profitable —- —— with the indians in the pacific northwest

francis drake, captain james cook, fur trade

The US established their first claim to the oregon country when ——- ——- ——- a merchant sea captain from Boston discovered the —— —— and promptly began trading —— with the indians there. This claim was strengthened when ——- —— ——- began traveling over these lands

captain Robert gray, Columbia river, furs, american fur traders

After spain and russia had given up their claims the —— and —— ——- agreed to jointly occucy the oregon territory for —— ——- and then they ——- their agreement

US, Great Britain, 10 years, renewed

centering in —— ——— the western fur trade was gruadually organized by businesses such as the —— —— —— ——-. This company paid ——- ——- who roamed the west searching for animal skins or pelts

st. louis, rocky mountain fur company, mountain men

*——- ——- and ——— ——— were mountain men who followed —— ——- across the rocky mountains used later by —— moving west.

Jedediah smith, James Beckworth, indian trials, settlers

On of the trails they followed was the —— ——- in what is now wyoming which led toa trail across the ——- ——- and cut through the snake river and ——- ——— ——- to the ——- ——- and this route came to be known as the ——- ——-

south pass, continental divide, columbia river valleys, pacific coast, oregon trail

Another business venture was the —— —— ——- which was formed in NY by —— —— ——- a german immigrant. It controlled most of american trade in the —— ——- ——, in the rockies and the ——- ——-. He soon had offices in NY and St. Louis but also in countries of england ——- and ——- and china. 

american fur company,  John Jacob Astor, upper Mississippi valley, Oregon country, France, Austria

Rivarly between fur trading companies often led to ——- with the indians the government tried to solve this problem by setting —- ——- for ——- ——— however under pressure from the companies they ——- these efforts

dishonesty, fixed prices, animal pelts, abandoned

The first missionaries in the oregon country were the —— ——- most notably ——- ———-, and ———- ———-.

fur traders, jason lee, samuel parker

Jason Lee was a methodist who built a —— and a ——- for ——- —— in the willamette valley

mission, school, indian children

Samuel Parker was a presbyterian ——— who made the hard journey across the rocky mountains

minister

Four other presbyterian ministers were —— —— ——- and his wife ——- —— ——-, —— ——- and his wife ——- —— ——-

dr. marcus whitman, narcissa prentiss whitman, henry spaulding, elizabeth hart spaulding

*——- ——- ——— was a Jesuit preiset who arrived in the oregon country in 1840

father pierre de smet

During these same years some white settlers brought back —— with them to the —— —— however most settlers in the area —— ———. and it was eventually ——-, however this law also set up ——- against free black settlers ordering them to leave the territory after —- years.

slaves, oregon country, opposed slavery, prohibited, discriminations, two

The settlers of the oregon country wanted a —— —— ———, so they established one until they were admitted into the union

plan for government

To end the British-american claims of the oregon country and in the —— —- ——— great britain agreed to give up its claims to the territory south of the 49th parallel.

treaty of 1846

Now that the oregon territory only belonged to the US american traders began to drift ——- into ——- and ——- lands leading the us to aquire texas, new mexico, arizona, california, nevada, and utah, along with part of colorado and wyoming. Again they ignored ——- ———, and the spainish claimed this area as the —— ——-

southward, indian, mexican, indian claims, spanish crown

Spaniards began to move —— during this time and established —— ——- which helped them keep a firm hold over the ——- for many years when they feared french and british expansion they ——- their ——- throughout this area

northward, santa fe, region, strengthened, presidios

The center of the spanish missions was the —— surrounding it were the —— ——- for the priests and ——- in which indians learned weaving, silver working, blacksmithing, and other crafts. ——— priests tired to force Christianity onto the indians and often saw backlash since they didn’t want their —- suppressed. Many indians —— the missions, the missions were only ——- successful but did shape the way of life in these areas

church, living quarters, workshops, Franciscan, culture, fled, partly

spanish —— were huge estates across the ——- parts of new spain they were —— from the misisons and were separate communitees. There were few spainiards and creoloes and a large number of ——- and ———. The owners often lived in —— —— or spain and visted their estates ocasionally. Many workers became capable ——- this way. Others became models for —— —— who would later work on the plains.

ranches, northern, far, mestizos, indians, mexico city, managers, american cowboys

Spanish ruling groups shared ——- and beleifs they were ——- —— with deep ——in spanish culture. They were ——— and ——- of outsiders, they tired to ——- themselves from intruders by prohibiting trade with ——— and sometimes ——— ameircan explorers.

values, roman catholic, pride, independent, suspicious, protect, americans, imprisoning

Throughout the region and latin america aditudes toward the lower class and the ——- varied. Mission ——- often treated them as ——- and the owners of businesses often —— them as workers, this eventually led to ——-

indians, priests, children, abused, revolution

*——- —— —— —- ——- and ——- —— —- —— —— ——- led an uprising of the supressed people of New Spain. It was a sucess at first but morphed into just winning ——— and the —— —- —— was formed.

father Jose maria Morelos y Pavon, father miguel Hidalgo y Castilla, independence, republic of mexico

*—— ——- an american pioneer was given permission to start a colony in —— in return for the settlers becoming —— —— ——- however he —— before he could establish it.

Moses Austin, Texas, loyal Spanish citizens, died

Since the spanish were more open now thriving trade developed over the —— —— ——-.  however it was dangerous and they were often attacked by ——.

santa fe trail, indians

Some mexican leaders ——- the american settlements in ——- but others thought they were a —— to mass invasion of the territory by the americans

opposed, texas, buffer

The Mexican Government gave —— —- —— a renewal grant of the land his father ——- had recived that same year. Here he began to build a vigourus —— ——- in Texas. slavery had been outlawed in ——- but southerners were illegally bringing ——- into Texas since mexicans did little to —— this law.

stephen f austin, moses, american colony, mexico, slaves, enforce

Mexicans strengthened their —— and set up more ——- to prohiit more independet american from settling american settlers in texas ——- this and said it was a restriction on their ———, mexican officails would no reconsider since the americasn had already —— their laws.

army, restrictions, protested, rights, disobeyed

many clashes began to break out one of the most memorable in —— ——- the defenders of the alamo including —— —— and —— ——- and ——- ——— refused to surrender despite overwhelming odds. When general —— —— stormed the alamo all the defenders of the alamo were ——-.

san antonio, james bowie, william travis, davy crockett, santa anna, killed

In the —— —- —— antoher force was put to death by the mexicans, after the force ——- and put down their arms.

battle of belial, surrendered

A group of Texans on the ——- declared their independence from mexico, they also drafted a consitution for the —— —— —— which was often also called the —— ——- ——-. ——- ——- became the first elected president of Texas and ——- —— ——- was the first elected VP

Brazos, republic of texas, lone star republic, Sam Houston, Lorenzo Di Zavala

Americans helped the territory of Texas during the ——- however when they asked to enter the union their was much ——- since it would swing the balance in favor of the —— —— others feared it would put the country in conflict with ——-

revolution, debate, slave states, Mexico

Texas wanted ——- but not —— —— so the republic ordered all —— —— to leave or be sold into slavery. The blacks ——- and the republic decided they could remain only if they made a special ——- to congress of the republic

slaves, free blacks, free blacks, protested, appeal

Free blacks lived fairly ——- along side the white but as the civil war drew closer —— arouse

peacefully, tensions

Americans were pushing —— further ——- eventually the annexation of texas took place due to different —— —— ——- that clashed in the region west of texas. This region included —— ——— .

Indians, northward, ways of life, upper california

Spanish culture remained fairly intact but many —— wanted to expand the country to the —— ——-. Oquippied with —— ——- the mexican government was unable to stop the americans from settling on —— ——-.

americans, pacific, mexican revolutions, mexican soil

Americans were ——- by the Mexicans and some of their —— was destroyed in the revolutions some were even ——- due to word of a plotted revolution

mistreated, property, executed

In the election of 1844 the democratic party elected —— —— —— who was known as the —— —— candidate which means up until the convention he was reatively unknown. For VP They nominated —— —- ——.

James K Polk, dark horse, George M Dallas

The Whig party nominated —— ——- for president and ——- —— ——- for VP. in the election of 1844

Henry Clay, Theodore Frelinghuysen

There was also a third party in the election of 1844 which was the —— ——- and they nominated —— —- ——- for presient and —— ——- for VP.

liberty party, James G. Birney, Thomas Morris

*——- —— —— and —— —- —— won the election of 1844

James K Polk, George M Dallas

after Polks victory the —— ——- ——- started. American naval and military commanders in the pacific now had orders to seize —— ——— if war broke out —— ——- —- —- —— hearing a false rumor that war had been declared seized the mexican ——- there in Monterrey after hearing it was false he appologized to president polk and —— from upper california

mexican american war, upper california, commodore thomas ac Jones, capital, withdrew

Polk wanted to expand to the ——- but by using —— means. He sent —— —— ——- to the mexican gov with an offer to buy —— ——— and —— ——- but the mexican government ——-, now he was ready to delcare —— to win the territory

pacific, peaceful, ambassador john slidell, upper california, new mexico, refused, war

Polks cabinet wanted him to —— thinking that mexico would declare war —— but polk ignored them and sent troops under —— —— ——- to move southward toward the rio grande river.

delay, first, general zachary taylor

The Texans claimed that they territory expanded to the —- ——- —— however the mexicans and americans considered the boundary to be the —— ———.

rio grande river, Nueces river

The night Polk informed his cabinet he was going to declare war mexican troops had crossed the —- —- —— and started a fight with —— ——. convinced the american people also wanted —— he sent a letter to congress delcaring war against mexico two days later

rio grande river, american forces, war

*—— ——— questioned whether the spot US blood had been shed the —- —- ——, was really —— —— other members of congress shared this opinion and many citizens in the ——- and the ——- opposed the war

Abraham Lincoln, rio grande river, american soil, north, east

American forces had the easiest time in ——- and —— ——- since there weren’t many presidios and the wealthy spainards there had —— to the —- and didn’t resist the invading

California, new mexico, ties, americans

An expedition under —— —— —— —— left fort leavenworth and took santa fe and won control over all of new mexico

general Stephen W. Kearney

Even before news of war at upper california a few americans led by ——- —— —— had begun to plot against Mexican rule, they carried on their discussions in the camp of —— —— —- ——- and eventually they proclaimed the —— —- —— or the —— —— —— they then hoisted a flag with a bear and a star painted on it was a symbol of independence

William B. Ide, captain John C. Fremont, republic of california, bear flag republic

*—— ——- hearing the outbreak of the war landed naval forces at monterey on the california coast where he proclaimed ——- as part of the Us. Along with —— ——- ——- his forced moved south and captured —— ——-

J. D. Sloat, California, Robert F Stockton, Los Angeles

Fighting was fierce in the region south of the rio grande river and an expedition under —— ——— won victories at the battle of palo alto and the battle of huicica de la palma before —— was actualy declared

Zachary taylor, war

Taylor then went on to capture monterey ——- and to check the mexican forces under —— ——- at the battle of —— ———.

mexico, santa anna, buena vista

despite their —— the mexicans continued to —— so president polk ordered an expedition to advance to —— ——— over the route once traveled by quartets.

defeats, fight, Mexico city

*—— —— ——— led this expedition into mexico city, it was a very ——- force that included the marines, they landed near Veracruz on the — —- ——-. Eventually they reached the —— and —— ——-, —- —— and all of —— ——- were in american hands

general Winfield Scott, powerful, gulf of mexico, capital, upper california, new mexico, northern mexico

With Taylor holding —— ——- and Scott holding the ——- the mexicans had to end the war on american terms in the —— —— —— ——-

northern mexico, capital, treaty of Guadalupe hidalgo

The terms of the treaty stated that mexico must give over the ——- ——- which included texas, new mexico, and upper california, for —— million dollars in exchange and that Mexico must pay its ——- to america in return for the US respecting the ——- preferences and civil and property —— of those in the newly acquired areas.

Mexican cession, 15, debts, religious, rights

later congress approved a payment to mexico of —- million for the —— ——- which was an area of land south of the gila river needed for a southern ——- ——— and this tract of land was named after —- ——- who as a minister to mexico negotiated the purchase.

10, gadsden purchase, transcontinental railroad, james gadsden

Under the treaty of guadalupe hidalgo spanish-speaking citizens were granted all the rights of —- ——- however these rights typically only existed —— ——- and their culture was regarded by many americans as ———. This prejudice helped spark rebellions in —— ——-, los angeles, and taos new mexico

American citizens, on paper, inferior, santa Barbara

Poor mexican americans suffered after the —— they often worked for —- —— on american ranches, mines and railroads, and were seeing less —— for their way of life

war, low wadges, respect

During the early years of the American southwest, ——- —— ——— somtimes raided american settlements, they were partly ——- against injustices suffered by the peons.

mexican american bandits, protests

As a response to the bandits, local american ——- ——— and Texas and New Mexico ——- were organized to enforce law and order, however they often resorted to ——-, beatings and ———.

vigilante committees, rangers, harassment, lychings’s

*—— —— founded the Mormons and established the —— —- —— many Mormons were the majority of the population moving —— after the Mexican American war. many people disliked the Mormons because they beleived in ——- having more than one wife at the same time, however they were able to set up a decent community in ———.

Joseph smith, book of Mormon, west, polygamy, Illinois

Some mormons also disliked Polygamy and smith so people in nearby towns attacked the —— ——— killing both —- —— and his brother ——-. Forcing the rest of the Mormons to move further west under the leadership of —— ——— finally stopping on the easter shore of the —— —— ——- where they leared about —— ——-.

Mormon community, Joseph smith, Hiram, Brigham Young, Great salt lake, desert farming

The Mormons laid out —- —- —— on the Jordan River and built a —- they also sent ——- to other parts of the world and brougth converts back to their new communities.

salt lake city, temple, missionaries

Mexico never delveloped this land into a ——- area however they did create a chain of missions lead by —— —- —— and —— ——-, they built lots of presidios and several small towns, over this large territory were the —— which were small communities in themselves of powerful Spanish ——-. The —— ——- caused a few changes in this vast region. The influence of the spanish —— can still be seen in —- today.

thriving, gaspar de portola, father Junipero, estates, landowners, mexican revolution, culture, california

*—- —— nicknamed the prince of the California pioneers, set out for Missouri him and his pioneers were ——- by many others and later several hundered pioneers had settled in california.

John Bidwell, followed

The —— ——- were caught in an early winter in the sierra nevadas and they built crude —— and struggled to ——, almost half died before a resuce expedition came

donner party, shelters, survive

*—— ——- was from switzerland he had a ——- and fort at Sacramento one morning his employee ——- —— detected flakes of gold at the bottom of a stream where a new mill was being built. Despite his ability to keep it a —— news spread fast, while some got —— quick most of these stories were ——. But they lead many americnas to sell all they had and join the rush —— to the gold fields of ——-.

John Sutter, sawmill, James Marshall, secret, rich, false, west, California

Adventerours from Europe and the eastern states reached California by three ways the longest by ship around —— —— was the ——- the quickest was —— and the most ——- in a ship to central —— from there they went by land across the Isthmus of Panama and then by another ship to —— ——-. The third route by —— was only for the truly brave and took as long as —- months

cape horn, safest, crowded, expensive, America, san Francisco, wagon, five

The —- —- —- —— jammed into lawless mining camps some getting rich beyond their dreams and others finding only ———. Two groups of travelers began to pass each other those heading in —— and those heading out ——-. Included in this first wave were —— —— both slave and free and some worked in —— directed by a slave owner a few became independent miners such as ——- ——- who was born a slave and became a mining ——- whose advice was often —— out by others.

first wave of 49ers, disappointment, eager, disappointed, black people, crews, moses rogers, authority, sought

Eventually people ——- in california and a ——— was drafted which outlawed —— but did put in place discriminations against ——-. Later the state was accepted into the ——-

settled, constitution, slavery, Indians, union

Eagar to gain the —— the missions were on the ——— government removed the control of the —— —— from the missions putting the indians out on their —— which they were not ——- for. Deprived of their ——- they were turned into ——- by the settlers. Later after many more white settlers came they were killed from ———, ——- and ———.

land, Mexican, catholic church, own, ready, culture, slaves, starvation, disease, violence

several tirbes in northern california gave up their —— to the white settlers, and for the indians that lived in the ——— an endless stream of ——— were moving across their land disturbing indian ——- ——— and ——- were disrupted. With this in mind the Indians resorted to ——- the wagon trains.

land, mountains, wagons, hunting grounds, traditions, attacking

In an attempt to solve this problem the Us government invited the ——- to a ——— held at ——- ———- groups of indians arrived and set up ——- around the fort. —— ——- arrived to the fort from Oregon and —— ——- the leader of the mountain men came as a ——- for several days there were ——, and ——— and celebrations, out of this conference came the —— —— ——- ———.

Indians, conference, Fort laramie, camps, Father Desmet, Jim Bridger, interpreter, games, speeches, treaty of fort laramie

In the Treaty of Laramie the government agreed to pay ——- to the indians each year for —- years in return for the safety of the ——- moving west, it also gave the US the right to built ——- along the western trails, this agreement was generally kept until after the —— ———.

50,000, 50, settlers, forts, civil war