Prototype Drugs

Cholinergic

Direct acting parasympathomimetics - Urecholine

Bethanechol

Used for urinary retention

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

Donepezil - (Aricept) used for Alzheimer's.

Physostigmine

Antidote for anticholinergic toxicity

Muscarinic cholinergic receptor blocker

Atropine - blocks the actions of acetylcholine and induces symptoms of the fight or flight response

Adrenergic

Phenylephrine (neo synephrine), action is extension of sympathetic stimulation

Adrenergic blocker

Prazosin (Minipress) is an antagonist that competes with norepinephrine at its receptors on vascular smooth muscle in arterioles and veins.

Prazosin

Major action is decrease in peripheral resistance that reduces blood pressure, has little effect on cardiac output or heart rate

Anxiolytic

Lorazepam (Ativan) a benzodiazepine sedative hypnotic, anxiolytic, anesthetic adjunct.

Escitalopram

An antidepressant, anxiolytic, an SSRI

Antidote

Flumazenil

Nonbenzodiazepine GABA receptor agonist

Zolpidem (Ambien)

Seizures

Benzodiazepines reduce seizure activity by potentiating GABA action (lorazepam)

Hydantoin and related drugs

Act by delaying sodium influx into neurons - Phenytoin (Dilantin)

Valproic acid

Delays influx of sodium (Depakene, Depakote)

Succinimides

Ethosuximide (Zarontin) act by delaying calcium influx into neurons

SSRI

Sertraline (Zoloft)

TCA

Imipramine (Tofranil)

MAOI

Phenelzine (Nardil)

Atypical antidepressants

SNRIs - Duloxetine (Cymbalta)

Lithium

Used for bipolar disorder (Eskalith) - watch sodium balance, need levels regularly

CNS stimulant

Methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta, others) for ADHD

Phenothiazines

Chlorpromazine, first generation anti-psychotic - conventional

Conventional non-phenothiazine first generation antipsychotic

Haloperidol (Haldol)

Atypical antipsychotics

D2 dopamine receptor antagonist (Risperidone, Risperdal)

Opioid receptor agonists

Opioids such as morphine acting on mu & kappa receptors

Opioid receptor antagonist

Naloxone (Narcan)

NSAIDS

Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid), Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin)

OTC analgesics

Acetaminophen (Tylenol) that relieve pain

Triptans

Sumatriptan (Imitrex) for migraine treatment

Prophylaxis for migraines

Some antiseizure drugs such as Gabapentin (Neurontin), beta blockers such as Propranolol (Inderal), calcium channel blockers such as Nifedipine (Procardia), Verapamil (Isoptin), tricyclic antidepressants like Amitriptyline (Elavil), and miscellaneous such as Onabotulinumtoxin A (Botox)

HMG-CoA Reductase inhibitor

Statins such as Atorvastatin (Lipitor) causing liver and muscle pain

Bile acid sequestrants

Cholestyramine (Questran)

Nicotinic acid

Niaspan

Fibric acid drug

Gemfibrozil (Lopid)

Loop diuretics

Furosemide (Lasix)

Thiazides

Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ, Microzide)

Potassium sparing diuretics

Spironolactone (Aldactone)

Osmotic diuretics

Mannitol (Os-mitrol)

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

Acetazolamide (Diamox)

Crystalloids

Normal saline (0.9% NaCl); hypertonic saline (3%); hypotonic saline (0.45% NaCl); Lactated Ringers

Colloids

Dextran 40 (Gentran 40, others)

Buffers

Sodium bicarbonate

Drugs for HTN

Diuretics (HCTZ, furosemide), ACEI (enalapril, lisinopril), CCBs (nifedipine, amlodipine, verapamil), beta blockers (atenolol), alpha 2 adrenergic agonists (clonidine), alpha 1 adrenergic blocker (carvedilol, doxazosin), direct acting vasodilator (hydralazine)

ACE inhibitors

The prototype drug is Lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril)

cardiac glycosides

digoxin (Lanoxin) - check potassium

beta blockers

metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol XL)

vasodilators

isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil)

phosphodiesterase inhibitors

milrinone (Primacor)

Angina

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

organic nitrates

vasodilator - nitroglycerin (Nitrostat, Nitro-Dur)

Beta-adrenergic antagonists

atenolol (Tenormin)

CCBs

diltiazem (Cardizem)

Thrombolytics

reteplase (Retavase)

antiplatelet agents

aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix)

glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors

eptifibatide (Integrilin)

anticoagulants

heparin (parenteral); warfarin (Coumadin) oral drug

Antiplatelets

ADP receptor blocker is clopidogrel (Plavix)

Hemostatics

aminocaproic acid (Amicar)

acetaminophen

antipyretic too - Tylenol

COX 2 inhibitors

celecoxib (Celebrex)

Corticosteroid

prednisone (for anti-inflammatory action) can mask infection

Penicillin

amoxicillin, Penicillin G

Cephalosporins

cefazolin (Ancef - IV), cephalexin (Keflex - PO)

Tetracyclines

tetracycline (Sumycin)

Macrolides

erythromycin

Aminoglycosides

gentamicin (Garamycin) - watch for damage to kidneys or hearing

Fluoroquinolones

ciprofloxacin (Cipro) and levofloxacin (Levaquin)

Sulfonamides

trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra)

Beta adrenergic agonists

albuterol (Ventolin)

Anticholinergics

ipratropium (Atrovent)

Methylxanthines

theophylline

Inhaled Corticosteroids

beclomethasone (Qvar)

leukotriene modifiers

montelukast (Singulair)

Mast cell stabilizers

cromolyn (Nasalcrom)

PPIs

omeprazole (Prilosec); pantoprazole (Protonix)

H2 receptors antagonists

ranitidine (Zantac)

Antacids

aluminum hydroxide (Alternagel)

Antibiotics for h pylori

combination of drugs as follows: omeprazole or other PPI, clarithromycin (Biaxin), and amoxicillin.

Other regimens

omeprazole, bismuth subsalicyclate (Pepto bismol), metronidazole (Flagyl) and tetracycline

Insulin

Human regular insulin (Humulin R, Novolin R) short acting hypoglycemic drug

NPH

intermediate acting, Insulin isophane (Novolin N, Humulin N)

Rapid acting

aspart (Novolog); insulin lispro (Humalog)

Long acting

insulin degludec (Tresiba); insulin detemir (Levemir); Insulin glargine (Lantus, Toujeo) - don't mix with any other insulin

Glucagon

raises Blood glucose

metformin

this is a biguanide

sulfonylureas

first generation and second generation

Second generation

glimepiride (Amaryl); glipizide (Glucotrol); glyburide (DiaBeta, Micronase)

Thiazolidinediones

pioglitazone (Actos); rosiglitazone (Avandia)

Incretin enhancers

DPP-4 inhibitors, linagliptin (Tradjenta)

Incretin mimetics

GLP-1 agonists dulaglutide (Trulicity); liraglutide (Victoza)