ANSC 221 Exam Flashcards

Use this one the other 2 are not the full flashcard list (note for myself)

Proventriculus (birds)

Corresponds to the pig’s stomach, glandular stomach that secretes enzymes

Split upper lip (sheep)

Allows grazing closer to the ground than other animals

VFAs (Volatile Fatty Acids)

Primary energy source for ruminants, produced during microbial fermentation

UIP (Undegradable Intake Protein)

Feed fraction where amino acid balance matters for ruminants

NPN (Non-Protein Nitrogen)

Nitrogen source usable by ruminants, not dependent on amino acid balance

TDN (Total Digestible Nutrients)

Carbohydrate-based energy index used to estimate feed energy

Net Energy (NE)

Energy value that best represents what an animal can actually use

ME (Metabolizable Energy)

Energy value preferred for birds, accounts for urinary and gas losses

Aflatoxin

Carcinogenic and deadly mycotoxin

Deoxynivalenol (DON)

Mycotoxin that causes feed refusal, especially in pigs

Zearalenone

Estrogenic mycotoxin, causes reproductive issues

Fumonisin

Mycotoxin that is toxic to horses

Ergot & Ergotamine

Mycotoxins that can cause hallucinations and dry gangrene

Aflatoxin source

Produced by Aspergillus flavus

Deoxynivalenol source

Produced by Fusarium roseum

Zearalenone source

Produced by Fusarium roseum

Fumonisin source

Produced by Fusarium moniliforme

Ergot & Ergotamine source

Associated with rye

Rye

Contains tannins, reduces bird feed efficiency

Rapeseed

Contains erucic acid and myrosinase, can form goitrogens

Canola

Improved version of rapeseed, lower levels of toxic compounds

Apparent N Digestibility

(N intake − N feces) divided by N intake, multiplied by 100

Apparent Biological Value

(N intake − N feces − N urine) divided by (N intake − N feces), multiplied by 100

True Biological Value

Requires accounting for metabolic losses like metabolic fecal nitrogen (MFN) and endogenous urinary nitrogen (EUN)

Test weight of grain

Lower test weight has little effect on performance if animals can eat enough

Dicalcium phosphate

Feed additive used to supplement phosphorus in livestock diets

Antibiotic inclusion

If source contains 20 g/lb and diet needs 100 g/ton, use 5 lbs per ton

Mouth

beginning of digestion, mechanical breakdown and saliva secretion

Lips

prehension, most important in horses, least in poultry

Teeth

mastication, grind and crush feed

Tongue

swallowing and taste, moves feed to esophagus

Esophagus

tube connecting mouth to stomach, transports feed

Stomach

secretes acid and enzymes, site of protein digestion

Proventriculus

glandular stomach in birds, secretes enzymes

Rumen

fermentation vat, microbes digest fiber and synthesize nutrients

Reticulum

hardware stomach, traps foreign objects

Omasum

many plies, absorbs water and nutrients

Abomasum

true stomach, secretes enzymes and acid

Small intestine

main site of nutrient absorption

Pyloric valve

controls flow from stomach to duodenum

Duodenum

first part of small intestine, receives bile and pancreatic juice

Jejunum

middle section of small intestine, absorption

Ileum

last section of small intestine, absorption

Cecum

blind pouch, fermentation in nonruminants

Colon

part of large intestine, water absorption

Large intestine

storage and water absorption

Rectum

final section of GI tract, feces expelled

Anus

exit point for waste

Cloaca

common exit for digestive and urinary tracts in birds

Crop

storage pouch in birds

Cecae

paired fermentation sacs in birds

Liver

produces bile, metabolizes nutrients

Gall bladder

stores bile

Pancreas

secretes digestive enzymes and hormones

Salivary amylase

breaks down starch in mouth

Bicarbonate

buffers rumen pH, secreted in saliva and pancreas

HCl

activates pepsinogen, lowers stomach pH

Mucin

protects stomach lining

Rennin

coagulates milk protein in young animals

Pepsinogen

inactive form of pepsin

Pepsin

digests protein in stomach

Gastric lipase

digests fat in stomach

Intrinsic factor

helps absorb vitamin B12

Carboxypeptidase

digests protein, secreted by pancreas

Trypsin

digests protein, activated in small intestine

Chymotrypsin

digests protein, secreted by pancreas

Pancreatic lipase

digests fat in small intestine

Pancreatic amylase

digests starch in small intestine

Aminopeptidase

digests protein fragments in small intestine

Sucrase

digests sucrose

Maltase

digests maltose

Lactase

digests lactose

Nucleotidases

digest nucleotides

Nucleosidases

digest nucleosides

Gastrin

stimulates acid secretion in stomach

Secretin

stimulates pancreatic secretion of water and electrolytes

Cholecystokinin

stimulates gall bladder contraction and pancreatic enzymes

GIP

inhibits gastric secretion and motility

Enterocrinin

stimulates intestinal secretion

Protein digestibility

percentage of protein absorbed from feed

Nitrogen balance

nitrogen intake minus losses in feces and urine

Nitrogen retention

nitrogen retained in body tissues

Biological value

percentage of digested protein retained by body

True digestibility

accounts for metabolic fecal nitrogen

Apparent digestibility

does not account for metabolic losses

Endogenous

originating from within the body

Gross energy

total energy in feed

Digestible energy

gross energy minus fecal energy

Metabolizable energy

digestible energy minus urinary and gas energy

Net energy

metabolizable energy minus heat increment

Heat increment

energy lost as heat during digestion and metabolism

TDN

total digestible nutrients, an energy index

NPN

non-protein nitrogen, usable by ruminants

Urea

example of NPN, used in ruminant diets

Protein evaluation in cattle

focus on degradable and undegradable intake protein

Protein evaluation in hogs

focus on digestibility and amino acid balance

Soybean meal

high lysine, most common protein feed

Cottonseed meal

contains gossypol, lower protein qualit

Name 4 grains

Oats, Barley, Rye, Millet, Wheat

Name 4 byproduct feeds

Corn Bran, Wheat Bran, White shorts, Hominy feed