chapter 14 ( hypertension) | Quizlet

does hypertension have the worst impact on life expectancy

yes: 40% of deaths , it decreases life expectancy by 5-10 years

what's hypertension

it is a cardiovascular problem where the blood exerts a higher than normal force on the inner walls of the blood vessels

what does hypertension damage

the heart , brain , kidneys and eyes due to the circulatory problems

How does hypertension cause damage to the body?

High pressure inside of blood vessels causes them to tear

what are the 2 mechanical causes

1- increase in stroke volume

2- peripheral resistance ( arterial walls become thicker and inelastic )

and increase of expansion of vessels

how many Canadians suffer from hypertension

20-25%

why is hypertension called the silent killer

mild and moderate levels are asymptomatic

What are severe symptoms of hypertension?

blurred vision , severe headaches

What is the optimal BP measurement?

Systolic = 120 mmHg

Diastolic = 80 mmHg

what are the factors causing the BP to rise temporarily

stress, smoking , exercise and caffeine

why does systolic and diastolic rise in winter and drop in summer

(1) the vessels constrict in the cold making it harder to push blood through the veins and (2) we exercise less in winter which causes us to put on weight

What are the secondary causes of hypertension?

The factors that are associated with hypertension.

Examples: pregnancy , coarctation of the aorta ( narrowing ), obesity smoking , physical inactivity, high fat diet and salt intake , large amounts of alcohol and stress

What is the relationship between hypertension and atherosclerosis?

Normal vs. Partly blocked blood vessel

what are the causes of high BP In children

A) Obesity

B) Poor nutrition habit

C) Family History of elevated BP

D) All of the above?

D

What BP is classified as Stage I hypertension

Systolic = 130 - 139

Diastolic = 80 - 89

When systolic and diastolic pressures fall into different stages, should the higher or lower stage be selected?

The higher

How do blood pressure readings change when an individual is undergoing aerobic exercise?

Normal BP response to aerobic exercise:

Systolic = increase of 30 - 60 mmHg

Diastolic = no changes

Are the BP responses shown in the picture responses for people with hypertension or for everyone?

Everyone

what are the effects of regular exercise on BP at rest for those with hypertension

aerobic training = systolic decreases by 5- mmHg and diastolic of 3-5 mmHg

dynamic resistance training = decrease in bp by 2-3 mmHg for systolic and diastolic

why is isometric resistance training not recommended for people with hypertension

because it increases the risk of medical complications since the BP increases a lot during this type of exercise

What does a reduction of only 2 mmHg in SBP and DBP do in relation to stroke?

Lowers risk of stroke by 14% (systolic) and 17% (diastolic), respectively, and the risk of coronary artery disease by 9% (systolic) and 6% (diastolic), respectively

what happens to systolic BP during increase of aerobic exercise

it increases as workload increases

What is the effect of moderate weight reduction on resting and exercise blood pressure in overweight subjects

At rest: decrease in systolic BP

During exercise: decrease in systolic and diastolic BP (but stronger effect in systolic)

classification by severity

whats the best source of training to lower BP

aerobic training

whats the recommended exercise program for endurance training

mode: large muscle, aerobic

● frequency: 3 to 7 days / week

● duration: 20-60 minutes

● intensity: 50-85% of peak HR

● lower intensity 40-70% is very good too

According to the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), exercise is contraindicated at which systolic and diastolic BP measurements?

When resting BP exceeds: 180/110 and exercise BP exceeds : 250/115

What are the two other special considerations for exercise relating to hypertension, other than BP measurements?

1) High intensity isometric exercise and heavy strength training activities involving a Valsalva effect (weight lifting) are contraindicated

2) Medications (antihypertensive agents) can affect BP during and after exercise

- Peripheral resistance by vasodilation can produce post-exercise hypotension (dizziness, feeling faint)

What is the main goal of hypertension management?

To control BP by the least intrusive means possible. BP should be lowered and maintained below 130/80 mmHg (stage 1)

what are the meds for hypertension

- diuretics

-beta blockers

calcium channel blockers

what are the best ways of controlling hypertension

-medication

-healthy diet (low salt diets that focus on fruits, vegetables and low-fat dairy products)

-exercise

-managing emotional stress

-weight control

how does diuretic meds work

they flush the excess water and sodium from the body, which lowers BP

how do beta blockers work

they block certain nerves and hormonal signals to the heart and blood vessels, which lowers BP

how do calcium channel blockers work

they prevent calcium from going to the heart and blood vessels causing the cells to relax and lower BP, which lowers BP