D&F final

Rivers and other bodies of water form what?

Natural boundaries to human activity

How many forces act on a bridge?

4

The "environmental load" on a bridge includes the weight of the traffic.

False

The force that tries to stretch or pull apart a material to lengthen it is called what?

Tension

What ultimately caused the Tacoma Narrows Bridge to sway as much as it did and eventually collapse?

Too light

The type of bridge whose deck is directly suspended from cables that run from the tower to the deck forming a fan-like pattern is called a what?

Cable-stayed bridge

What caused the Tay Bridge Disaster of 1879?

1. Bridge was not designed to withstand the strong winds of the Scottish coast

2. The columns could not be driven into the solid bedrock

3. The iron used in the bridge was not tested properly and contained defects

The force that tries to slide the material apart in opposite directions is called what?

Shear

In newton’s 2nd law equation, gravity can be substituted into the equation as a type of acceleration.

Yes

Meaning “stationary” or “at rest”, this type of equilibrium is when the force of gravity pulling down is equal to and opposite to the force pushing up.

Static

Precision can also be explained in which following way?

The ability of a measurement to be consistently reproduced

Within an experiment, the one thing that you can change is called the what?

Independent variable

Science cannot make basic assumptions about the natural world, that is why it is so difficult to do.

False

The number of data points you collect from the population during your experiment is called the what?

Sample size

The mean is what?

The same as the average

If you have measured something and all of your errors are truly random with a normal distribution (bell curve), you have then collected enough data when ~ data falls within the range of the Mean +/- 1 Standard Deviation.

68

If you are experimenting with plants to see how they grow after being fed different liquids, you choose to use petunias as the type of plant in the experiment. The petunias are an example of what type of variable?

Control

When you are nearly finished with testing and experimenting with your hypothesis, you analyze your results and only some of the results seem to be correct. You can go ahead and publish the data because even if there are some wrong data, someone else will replicate it and fix it.

False

What normally results from some uniform problem in the way or method that data was collected?

Systematic error

Who built dams that reached extraordinary height and remained unsurpassed until the Middle Ages?

Romans

The “era of large dams” began with the construction of the Three Gorges Dam is 2014.

False

When the wall of the dam is curved to distribute the hydrostatic pressure against the abutments, you have what kind of dam?

Arch

When you build a dam and the friction and interaction between the particles binds them together instead of cement, you just built what?

Embankment

A dam that consists of a line of large gates that can be opened or closed is called what?

Barrage

If you are building a dam across a wide valley where solid rock is not present and you still need to prevent the dam from falling forward, you need to build what kind of dam?

Buttress

What caused the Malpasset Dam is France to fail in 1959?

Large storm and inadequate geological survey

The largest hydroelectric dam in the world is located where?

China

The South Fork Dam that caused the Great Johnstown Flood of 1889 collapsed because of what reason?

1. The dam crest was lowered by 2 feet

2. Placed mesh screens in the spillway

3. Never replaced the stone and iron culvert pipes

When built on a solid foundation (usually solid bedrock) this type of dam represents the best-developed example of dam building.

Gravity

The force that keeps the airplane in the air and comes from the wings is called what?

Lift

What company built the first turbojet engine powered passenger plane?

De Havilland

When a plane flies through the air, the wings better be flexible and naturally flap up and down, if not you are in trouble!

True

The weakening of metal parts and surfaces of aircraft because of repeated forces and stresses is called what?

Metal fatigue

Which of the following is an example of Newtons 3rd law?

Fuel is burned and the exhaust out the back of the engine moves

The mechanical force needed to move a plane from point A to point B is what?

Thrust

The Bernoulli Principle deal with the difference in what across the wings?

Pressure

Air pressure increases as you increase altitude

False

What were the causes of the De Havilland Comet 1 crashes?

1. Metal fatigue

2. 90 degree corners on the windows

3. The outer skin was too thin

the resistance force generated by a solid moving through a fluid is called what?

Drag

Nuclear fusion deals with what?

Combining two nuclei together

Which country is using mostly nuclear power (up to 90%)?

France

Fossil fuels are considered renewable energy sources.

False

This type of reactor uses normal water as a coolant.

Light water

After Three Mile Island happened the NRC made what changes?

New training programs for operators.

What are the control rods used for inside a nuclear reactor?

To drop and stop the nuclear chain-reaction

What was used as a moderator in the reactors at Chernobyl?

Graphite

The measure of disorder in a system is called what?

Entropy

What is the energy that is in motion and doing the work?

Kinetic

What states that energy is neither created or destroyed, simply transferred from one state to another?

1st law of thermodynamics

Water passes through the reactor and keeps from boiling and heats a second loop of water that does boil and moves the turbine. This describes what type of reactor?

Pressurized water reactor

What is energy that is stored and available to do work?

Potential

It is easy to dispose of nuclear waste, just transport it to an empty field and spread it around!

No

Still to this day, farmers in England have severe restrictions in place due to radioactive plants and grasses on their farms.

Yes

What is necessary in a reactor to remove the heat from the core

Coolant

Which energy “Inside a physical system, need to move something”

Mechanical

Which energy “Inside all matter; heat”

Thermal

Which energy “Inside a chemical compound, needs a chemical reaction”

Chemical

Which energy “Inside the atom, modify the makeup of the atom.”

Nuclear

Which energy “Generated by nuclear fusion in stars (Sun)”

Electromagnetic

A regular, repeating path that one object in space takes around another one is called what?

Orbit

What was the name of the space program that sent the first American into space?

Mercury

What are some of the problems with the ISS?

1. The Shuttle Program is shut down

2. Poor lifeboat designs limits crew size

3. Logistics limits crew size

The Space Shuttle Program lasted about 39 years until they were decommissioned in 2011.

True

How many Space Shuttles were lost and destroyed during their missions?

2

What was the main cause of the Challenger disaster?

The rubber O-rings failed to seal

What was the main objective of the Apollo missions?

To walk on the Moon

What was the main cause of the Columbia disaster?

Piece of foam destroyed some heat shield tiles

In order to move completely away from Earth and travel out into space, your rocket would need to reach what speed?

Escape velocity

After the disaster of Apollo 13's Command Module, where was the crew forced to live for 4 days?

Lunar module

Geosynchronous Earth Orbit means that the satellite is traveling around the North and South Poles.

False

The ISS has no issue with radiation because they are protected by a magnetic shield that comes from a shield generator located on the Earth's surface.

False

What is believed to have killed the three astronauts of Apollo 1?

Fire in the module

What country launched the first satellite into orbit?

Russia

To build an orbiting space station you will need to deliver all of the pieces in the proper order.

True

Which space program was a quick way to a permanent space presence?

The ISS

Which space program was used for Skylab and US-USSR space docking?

Apollo

Which space program was designed to carry payloads to the ISS?

The space shuttle

Which space program signaled the birth of NASA and all following programs?

Mercury

Which space program had the first spacewalk?

Gemini

Where was the Darvanza Well?

Karakoum (Turkmenistan)

in 1971, which countries drilling provoked the collapse of an underground cavity?

Soviet Union

How large is the Darvaza crater?

About 100 meters in diameter and over 20 meters deep.

Why did Soviet geologists set the well on fire?

To burn off the toxic gas escaping from the crater.

How long has the Darvaza Well been burning?

Continuously since 1971

What are hydrocarbons made of?

Carbon and hydrogen atoms

What are hydrocarbons?

Very long chains of molecules

Why are hydrocarbons considered good fuels?

They are highly flammable, easy to transport, burn completely, and release a lot of energy.

A combustible rock consisting of carbonized plant material, found mainly in underground deposits that contains nitrogen and sulfur

Coal

What is petroleum?

A liquid mixture of hydrocarbons that can be refined into fuels and chemical feedstocks.

What is natural gas primarily composed of?

Methane

How much natural gas did the U.S. use in 2020?

30.5 trillion CF

How do hydrocarbons form?

From marine organisms and single-cell organisms

Explain how oil and natural gas form from marine organisms

Dead marine organisms settle in anoxic environments, forming organic-rich ooze that becomes black shale. With heat and pressure, it turns into kerogen, then oil and gas.

What is kerogen?

A waxy substance formed from organic matter under heat and pressure, which can become oil or gas.

What is the “oil window”?

The oil window is the temperature range (about 0–60°C) where kerogen transforms into oil.

What is the process from marine organisms to natural gas?

Marine organisms > Black shale > Oil shale w/ kerogen > Crude oil (petroleum) > Natural gas

What percent of all the world’s oil production is onshore?

70 approximately

How much oil does a single onshore well produce on average per day?

About 4,000 barrels

How much of a well’s total oil is typically produced in the first year?

Rough 65%

What is the typical lifespan of an onshore oil well?

15-30 years