Chapter Four - Knapp 2000

Altered state of consciousness

A change in mental activity, quality, or pattern.

Circadian rhythm

The sleep-wake cycle that occurs every 24 hours.

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Instructs the pineal gland to release melatonin.

Melatonin

A hormone released by the pineal gland that regulates sleep.

Adaptive theory

Explains why we sleep when we do.

Stage four sleep

The stage of sleep where a person is very hard to awaken.

REM behavior disorder

A condition where individuals act out their nightmares.

Sleep apnea

A disorder where breathing stops for nearly half a minute or more.

Insomnia advice

Lying in bed until you fall asleep is bad advice for insomniacs.

Nightmares vs Night terrors

Nightmares occur in REM sleep, while night terrors occur in NREM sleep.

Latent content

The symbolic content of dreams in Freud's theory.

Activation-synthesis hypothesis

A dream theory stating dreams are the brain's way of explaining random neural activity.

Pons

The area of the brain that sends signals to the cortex, creating dreams.

Frontal lobes

This part of the brain 'shuts down' during dreaming.

REM paralysis

Explains why movement is often restricted during REM sleep.

Basic suggestion effect

The tendency to act as though behavior is involuntary during hypnosis.

Disassociative theory of hypnosis

The theory that states a part of the mind is not hypnotized and fully aware.

Drug tolerance

A sign of physical dependency where larger doses are needed to achieve effects.

Amphetamine psychosis

Severe mental disturbance and paranoia from high doses of amphetamines.

Caffeine

Replaced cocaine in patent medicines in the early 1900s.

Minor tranquilizers

Rohypnol, known as the 'date rape' drug, falls under this category.

Amphetamine

If Marnie is very thin, stays awake for long periods, and is jittery, she may be using this drug.

Opium

All narcotics are derived from this substance.

Heroin

Initially hailed as a wonder drug, it's more addictive than its predecessors.

Psilocybin

A hallucinogen that is not synthetically created.

Mescaline

Comes from the peyote cactus.

Long-term effects of marijuana

Include lung cancer, asthma, and immune system damage.

True statement about marijuana

Marijuana is not physically addictive.

Waking consciousness

The state in which our thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear and organized.

Menstrual cycle

This is NOT an example of a circadian rhythm.

Hypothalamus

Signals the pineal gland to release melatonin at night.

Sleep factors

Body temperature, serotonin levels, and melatonin levels affect sleep; body mass does not.

Symptoms of sleep deprivation

Include trembling hands and inability to concentrate, but NOT hypnic jerk.

Microsleep episode

Likely explanation for drifting while driving at 3:00 am.

Adaptive theory vs Restorative theory

Explains when we sleep vs why we need to sleep.

Stage 2 sleep

First stage of sleep where one realizes they have fallen asleep if awakened.

Sleep walking

Is partly hereditary.

Night terrors

More common in children.

False statement about REM sleep

Lack of REM sleep does NOT cause psychological disorders.

REM behavior disorder

Condition allowing movement during REM sleep.

Narcolepsy

A condition causing sudden REM sleep episodes during the day.

Sleep apnea machine

Uses air to gently force it into the nasal passages.

Freudian theory of dreams

Interprets dreams symbolically.

Inducing hypnosis

Does NOT involve regressing people to childhood experiences.

Psychological dependence

Craving for ecstasy despite quitting can be a sign of this.

Synthetic substances

Amphetamines are NOT naturally occurring substances.

PCP

This is NOT a depressant.

GABA neurotransmitter

Alcohol stimulates its release, inhibiting brain functions.

Heroin's initial perception

Thought to be a more pure form of morphine.

Magic mushrooms

Source of psilocybin.

Marijuana high doses

Can lead to hallucinations and delusions.

Sleep deprivation false statement

Driving without sleep is MORE dangerous than a .05 blood alcohol level.