orgo 1: functional groups

alkane

hydrocarbon backbone

all single bonds

“saturated”

alkene

hydrocarbon backbone

at least 1 double bond

alkyne

hydrocarbon backbone

at least 1 triple bond

aromatic

ring structure

very stable

why are functional groups important?

site of chemical reactivity, intermolecular forces

contribute to chemical and physical properties

aliphatic definition

non-ring structure (chain of carbon)

haloalkane/alkylhalide

carbon chain with any halogen

RX

haloalkane/alkylhalide naming

halogen name + named carbon chain

alcohol

attached hydroxyl group

ROH

alcohol naming

carbon chain/attached name + “ol”

ether

oxygen within backbone

ROR

ether naming

chain before carbon name + “oxy” + chain after carbon name

or

carbon chain names + ether (dimethyl ether)

amine

nitrogen in carbon chain

RNH2, R2NH, R3N

amine naming

carbon chain name + amine

carbonyl functional group defining feature

oxygen double bonded to C of backbone

aldehyde

carbonyl with hydrogen & R group

RC(O)H

aldehyde naming

carbon chain + “al”

or

carbon chain name + “aldehyde”

ketone

carbon chain on either side of carbonyl

RC(O)R’

ketone naming

carbon (parent) chain name + “one”

carboxylic acid

hydroxyl group attached directly to carbonyl

RC(O)OH

carboxylic acid naming

carbon chain name + “-ic acid”

ester

carbonyl attached to oxygen within the backbone

RC(O)OR’

ester naming

first carbon chain name + second carbon chain name + “ate”

amide

carbonyl attached to nitrogen within backbone

RC(O)NH2, RC(O)NHR’, …

amide naming

name carbon chain + “amide”

nitrile

carbon & nitrogen triple bonded

cyanide alternative name

RCN

nitrile naming

name of carbon chain + “nitrile”

alkylhalides/haloalkynes classification

classified by how many C’s/H’s the C attached to the halogen is bound to

halogen - C - C’s & H’s classified by

1^o — 2 H, 1 C

2^o — 1 H, 2 C

3^o — 0 H, 3 C

alcohol classification

classified by how many C’s/H’s the C attached to the hydroxide is bound to

hydroxide - C - C’s & H’s classified by

1^o — 2 H, 1 C

2^o — 1 H, 2 C

3^o — 0 H, 3 C

amine classification

named by how many groups (NOT H) are attached to N

0^o — NH3 (ammonia)

1^o — NRH2

2^o — NR2H2

3^o — NR3