cell biology: cellular respiration and photosynthesis

Glycolysis

breaks glucose into 2 pyruvate.

Reactants: glucose, 2ATP, 2 NAD+

Products: 2 pyruvate, 2NADH, 2ATP net

Pyruvate Oxidation

Transports pyruvate into mitochondria to harvest energy

Reactants: 2 pyruvate, 2 NAD, 2 coenzyme A

product: 2 acetylCoA, 2CO2, 2 NADH

Citric Acid cycle

Breaks covalent bonds, electrons are transferred to electron carriers. (NADH, FADH2)

Reactants: 2 AcetylCoA, 6NAD, 2 FAD

Products: oxaloacetate, 4CO2, 2ATP, 6NADH, 2FADH

Exergonic reactions

Release energy

Endergonic reactions

Require energy, powered by exergonic reactions

Oxidative Phospholyration

Builds most ATP

reactants: NADH,FADH2, O2, ADP, INORGANIC PHOSPHATE

Products: ATP, H20, NAD, FAD

ETC

Pumps H+ protons into inter membrane space.

At the end of ETC, electrons have no energy= combined with O2

ETC CREATES A PROTON H+ CONCENTRATION GRADIENT FOR ATP

CHEMIOSMOSIS/ ATP SYNTHASE

ATP generating protein of Oxidative phospholyration.

ATP SYNTHASE ALLOWS PROTONS TO MOVE BACK INTO MATRIX

PROTONS MOTIVE FORCE= ENERGY RELEASED, PROTONS MOVE BACK

Uses H+ energy of gradient to build ATP

Fermentation

Used when O2 is NOT present

GOAL: GENERATE OXIDIZED ELECTRON CARRIER NAD+

Alcohol fermentation

Used by yeast to regenerate NAD+ (oxidizes NADH)

PYRUVATE TRANSFORMED INTO ETHANOL

Lactic acid

Regenerates NAD in bacteria, fungi, mammals.

PYRUVATE TRANSFORMED INTO LACTIC ACID

Light reactions

Capture energy of sunlight, stores it in ATP & NADPH

Calvin cycle

Build sugar using energy of ATP & NADPH

Stomata (holes)

Absorbs CO2

Light reactions occur in

Thylakoid membrane

Calvin cycle occurs in

Stroma

Photsystems

Collect light energy during light reactions.

PS2

Used light energy to energize electrons for etc

PS1

Uses energized electrons from PS2 to reduce nadp to NADPH

G3P

Precursor to glucose, direct product of Calvin cycle

Rubisco

Carbon fixation during Calvin cycle

Light reactions reactants

H2O, NADP, LIGHT ENERGY, ADP

Light reaction products

O2, NADPH, ATP

Calvin cycle reactants

CO2, atp, NADPH, ruBP

Calvin cycle products

Glucose, ADP, rubp, nadp

Type of Reaction of photosynthesis

Endergonic, anabolic