Module 2 Chemistry Review - CHM 104 (Atoms, Isotopes, and Periodic Families)

Vocabulary flashcards covering subatomic particles, atomic structure, isotopes, mass concepts, and periodic table families based on the Module 2 Practice Test notes.

Electron

Negatively charged subatomic particle; located in the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus.

Proton

Positively charged subatomic particle; located in the nucleus.

Neutron

Electrically neutral subatomic particle; located in the nucleus.

Atomic number

The number of protons in an atom; determines the element's identity.

Mass number

Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus (A).

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Isotones

Atoms with the same number of neutrons but different numbers of protons.

Isobars

Atoms with the same mass number but different numbers of protons.

Atomic mass

Weighted average of the masses of all isotopes of an element.

Nuclear symbol notation

Isotope notation using A (mass number) and Z (atomic number) with the element symbol (e.g., 88Sr, 82Br).

Valence electrons

Electrons in the outermost energy level used in bonding and determining chemical properties.

Metal

Element typically a solid, malleable, and good conductor of heat and electricity.

Nonmetal

Element that is usually a poor conductor and lacks metallic properties.

Metalloid

Element with properties between metals and nonmetals (e.g., silicon).

Noble gas

Group 18 elements; inert, colorless, odorless gases.

Chalcogen

Group 16 elements (oxygen group) including O, S, Se, etc.

Alkali metal

Group 1 metals; highly reactive, especially with water (e.g., sodium, potassium).

Alkaline earth metal

Group 2 metals; reactive but less than alkali metals (e.g., magnesium, strontium).

Transition metal

Elements in the d-block (groups 3–12) with variable oxidation states.

Halogen

Group 17 nonmetals; highly reactive.

Pnictogen

Group 15 elements (nitrogen group; includes nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic).

Strontium

Alkaline earth metal in period 5 (Group 2).

Silicon

Metalloid in period 3; essential in semiconductors.

Radon

Noble gas in period 6; inert radioactive gas.

Nitrogen

Nonmetal in period 2 with 5 valence electrons.

Bromine

Halogen in period 4; nonmetal.

Arsenic

Metalloid in period 4, group 15; pnictogen.

Helium

Noble gas; period 1, group 18; lightweight and inert.

Sodium

Alkali metal in period 3 (Group 1).

Magnesium

Alkaline earth metal in period 3 (Group 2).

Iron

Transition metal in the d-block.

Phosphorus

Pnictogen in group 15; nonmetal.