Cell Structure and Function

cell membrane

• animal, plant, and prokaryotic cells

• controls movement in and out of cell, provides protection

cytoplasm

• animal, plant, and prokaryotic cells

• jelly-like fluid that holds organelles

nucleus

• animals and plant cells

• contains DNA and controls cell activity

endoplasmic reticulum

• animal and plant cells

• passageways where proteins are modified (rough) and lipids are synthesized (smooth).

golgi apparatus

• animal and plant cells

• modifies and sorts and packages proteins and lipids for transport

nucleolus

• animal and plant cells

• makes ribosomes

ribosomes

• animal, plant, and prokaryotic cells

• makes proteins

mitochondria

• plant and animal cells

• site of cellular respiration

• converts energy from nutrients into ATP for our body

chloroplasts

• plant cells

• site of photosynthesis

• converts light energy into chemical energy 

vacuole

• large in plant cells, small in animal cells

• sacs that store water, nutrients, or waste products

cell wall

• plant and prokaryotic cells

• provides structure and protection

• outside of cell membrane

lysosomes

• animal cells

•  contains digestive enzymes to break down waste and recycle worn-out organelles

centrioles

• animal cells

• help organize cell division

plasmids

• prokaryotic cells

• ring-shaped (circular) piece of genetic material

flagella

• prokaryotic cells

• hair-like structure for movement

nucleoid

• prokaryotic cells

• region inside the cell that contains genetic material but is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane

capsule

• prokaryotic cells

• outermost layer of protection for prokaryotes

pilus

• prokaryotic cells

• hair-like structure that attaches the cell to a surface and can transfer genetic material from one cell to another

nuclear membrane

• plant and animal cells

• surrounds nucleus

plastid

• plant cells

• stores and makes food or pigments

vesicle

• plant and animal cells

• package created by the Golgi apparatus that transport materials

peroxisomes

• plant and animal cells

• detoxifies poisons and breaks down fatty acids and amino acids

cytoskeleton

• animal, plant, and prokaryotic cells

• microtubules and filaments that give the cell its shape, secure organelles in specific positions, allow cytoplasm and vesicles to move within the cell, and enable locomotion in unicellular organisms

centrosome

• animal cells

• where microtubules originate

• contains a pair of centrioles that help organize chromosome motion

nucleolus

• plant and animal cells

• makes rRNA and assembles ribosome subunits

what are the domains of prokaryotic cells?

• bacteria

• archea

what are the domains of eukaryotic cells?

• eukarya

what are the kingdoms or eukarya?

• protists: unicellular or colonial

• fungi: usually multicellular but not always

• animals: always multicellular

• plants: always multicellular

compare eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

Eukaryotes:

• linear DNA

• nucleus

• membrane-bound organelles

• separated by phospholipid bilayers

• internal membranes that increase surface area, sequester (isolate) molecules, control where reactions can occur by localizing enzymes

• A, T, G, C DNA

Prokaryotes:

• “ring” or circular DNA

• no nucleus

• no membrane-bound organelles

• A, T, G, C DNA