PSY 101 Exam 3 study guide

What “norm” is associated with people going out of their way to take care of a neighbor who was sick during the pandemic? 

Social - responsibility norm

What was the main findings from Milgram’s study of obedience? 

Even ordinary people, who are not hostile can become agents of destruction  

Central Route Persusion

occurs when interested people’s thinking is influenced by considerating evidence and arguments. More durable  

Peripheral route persuasion

occurs when people are influenced by attention-getting cues.

What are social norms, and how would they explain someone who prefers to wear in a shirt and jeans but knows to put on a dress for a formal function? 

• Unwritten rules or expectations that guide behavior in a particular group, society or culture.

• Conforming to social norms like having social awareness or conformity

Discrimination

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members; microaggressions. Explicit prejudice & Implicit prejudice

Prejudice

unfair and negative attitude toward a group and it’s members which involves negative feelings, stereotyped beliefs and predisposition to discriminatory action (act a certain ways)  

Colorism

darker skin tones experience greater discrimination and prejudice

Stereotypes

• a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing. 

 

The murder of Kitty Genovese demonstrated what type of effect

Bystander effect

What is the name of the term associated with the “unselfish concern for the welfare of others) 

Altruism

What is (and is not) associated with playing violent video games (think in terms of cruelty, aggression, and empathy). 

Is associated

• Prime aggression thoughts, decrease empathy and sensitivity to cruelty and increase hostile world view, arguments and fights  

Not associated

• Depression, family violence, peer influence, gun-toting culture  

A collectivist culture is likely to emphasize which one of these goals, social harmony or racial diversity?  

Social harmony

What are microaggressions? 

Subtle prejudice

What adult features are considered universally attractive (see notes under the “What is attractive” section – there are three pictures of faces from different cultures). 

Healthy appearance and symmetrical face

What are the three keys to companionate love? 

• Equity; you get what you put in 

 

• Self-disclosure; trust them 

 

• Positive Support 

What is the term for someone on a group project who does not contribute to the project because they know that others will do the work for them since the other groups members want a good grade? 

Social loafer

Research on social attraction indicates that individuals are attracted to those that look the (same or different) from us. 

same

Those with _______ assert their freedom by refusing to conform to social pressure. 

Personal control

If a person smokes even though they know it is bad for them (i.e., their thoughts are dissonant from their behavior), they will likely experience ______________? 

Cognitive dissonance

The psychologist who conducted pioneering research on conformity is _____________. 

Asch’s

If someone is viewed as attractive, they are more likely to be perceived as having more (positive or negative) traits? 

Positive

What is the foot-in-the door technique? 

Tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request  

What is groupthink? 

• Occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives  

• Contributed to fiascos when fed by overconfidence, conformity, self-justification and group polarzation 

Tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than the faces of another race. 

Other-race effect (cross-race effect/own-race bias)  

Textbook definition of social psychology. 

Scientific study of how individuals think about, influence and reltate to one another  

Culturally modeled guides for how to act in various situations. 

Social scripts

Of the three perspectives, which one focuses on individual differences?

Trait perspective

Of the three perspectives, which one focuses on people’s internal personal factors and how they interact with their environment

Social cognitive

What is the correct sequence of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

1. TOP

   1. self-transcendence

   2. Self-actualization

   3. self-esteem

   4. Love and belonging

   5. safety needs

   6. Physiological needs

Bottom

What is the spotlight effect?

overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders 

What is the Dunning-Kruger effect? 

Ignorance of one’s own incompetence foxer, believing one has received an “A” on an exam when one actually earned an “F

Be able to identify how someone is introverted

Gains energy alone, passive, careful, peaceful, calm, even-tempered

Be able to identify how someone is extroverted

gains energy with others. sociable, outgoing, talkative, easygoing

What are the 3 systems Freud proposed?

ID, Ego, Superego

ID

The reservoir of unconscious energy strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive impulses

Ego

Partly conscious executive part of personality that balance the demand of it

Superego

Represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement and future goals

What systems are the unconscious/conscious level

Unconscious energy - ID and Superego

Conscious - Ego

What principles (pleasure/reality) if any are associated with each system

Pleasure principle - ID

Reality principle - Ego

What are the psychosexual stages that Freud proposed

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital

When do the psychosexual stages occur

Oral; 0 - 18 months

Anal; 18 - 36 months

Phallic; 3 - 6 years

Latency; 6 years to puberty

Genital; puberty on

What is the focus stage of Oral

Pleasure on mouth, sucking, biting, chewing

What is the focus stage of Anal

pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control

What is the focus stage of Phallic

Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings

What is the focus stage of Latency

A phase of dormat sexual feelings

What is the focus stage of Genital

Maturation of sexual interests

What is the Oedipus complex and what stage does it occur? 

• Is when boys sexual desire toward their mother and feeling jealousy/hatred for the father.  

• Occur in Phallic  

What is the Electra complex and what stage does it occur? 

• Is when girls sexual desire towards their father and feelings jealousy and hatred towards their mothers  

• Occurs in Phallic 

 

What is the correct order of each stage

1. Oral

2. Anal

3. Phallic

4. Latency

5. Genital

Thematic Apperception Test

Generic scenarios that are presented to individuals and individuals are asked to kind of fill in the blanks  

Rorschach inkblot test

Projective test where people tell an experimenter what they see and a series of symmetric inkblots  

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Most widely researched and clinically used of all personality inventories  

Between what two years does the ego recognize the demands of the superego

4 to 5 years

Freud’s defense mechanisms; Reaction formation

Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites

Freud’s defense mechanisms; Projection

individuals attributing their own unacceptable thoughts, feeling and motives to another person 

Freud’s defense mechanism; Regression

an unconscious mechanism employed by the ego to keep distributing or threatening thoughts from becoming conscious  

What would Freud call it if someone asked if you wanted to grab dinner but they said, “No thanks, I plan to spend the night sleeping…sorry, I mean studying.”

A slip of tongue

The Big Five Traits

Openness

Conscientiousness

Extraversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism

Of the Big Five Traits, those with higher levels of what trait are most likely to become leader.  

Extraversion

Of the Big Five Traits, those with higher levels of what trait tend to have a larger frontal lobe

Conscientiousness

Who coined the term reciprocal determinism

Albert Bandura

What is the textbook definition of “factors”. 

clusters of behaviors tendencies that occur together

What two dimensions did Eysenck and Eysenck say are the two “basic personality dimensions”? 

Extraversion-Introversion

Stability-instablility

What is the collective unconsciousness? Who came up with the term? 

shared memories and images called archtypes. Carl Jung

Thinking about an psychologist (Sam) from and individualist culture and a psychologist (Anna) from a collectivist culture, which individual would be more likely to say that trait theories are a great way to help explore individual differences? 

Sam Individualist culture

Substance use disorder

A disorder characterized by continued substance use despite significant life disruption

Psychological disorders

• Disturbance in people’s thoughts, emotions, or behaviors that causes distress or suffering and impairs their daily lives  

• Thoughts, emotions, or behaviors are described as maladaptive or dysfunctional  

Psychotic disorder

• Groups of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions and a loss of contact with reality  

• Victims display + and – symptoms

Posttraumatic stress disorder

Characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia lingering for four weeks or more after traumatic experience  

DSM-5-TR focus on what the DSM does – system for ? disorders)

• Common tool for describing disorders and estimating the frequency of their occurrence  

• Mental disorders  

Epigenetics

The study of environmental influences on gene expressions that occur without a DNA change

Gambling is a form of which type of disorder, substance use disorder or behavioral addiction (see p. 359 – Tolerance and Addiction)? 

Behavorial addication

Between 2013 and 2016, the U.S. rate of deaths associated with opioid overdose has (increased or decreased) by how much? 

Increased by almost 10 times to 43,036

What are the symptoms of a generalized anxiety disorder

restlessness, fatigue, trouble concentrating, irritability, increased muscle tension and trouble sleeping  

What are the symptoms of a panic attack

racing heart, chest pains, difficulty-breathing, sweating, hot flashes or chills and choking sensation  

Mania is most associated with (Bipolar I or Bipolar II)?

Bipolar I

 Hypomania is most associated with (Bipolar I or Bipolar II)? 

Bipolar II

How many joints does it take for the effects of THC to produce hallucinations, delusions, and anxiety? 

Single joint

Interactive programs that teach body acceptance are likely to help prevent what types of disorders? 

eating and mental disorders?

A preoccupation with perceived body defects is what type of disorder

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

What is the rate of e-cigarette use relative to traditional cigarettes? 

Triple the rate

What specific drugs are considered psychedelics? 

Hallucinogens such as LSD and weed

What is seasonal depression (i.e., seasonal affective disorder

Depressive symptoms increases in the winter

Non-suicidal self-injury (e.g., cutting) in the US is highest among what demographic (e.g., males/females; childhood, adolescents, or adulthood). 

Adolescents females

What is flat affect? 

A state of no apparent emotion

The false perceptions that people with schizophrenia have are referred to as

Halluncinatio’s and delusions

Violent crimes are committed by those with (undiagnosed or diagnosed) psychological disorders? 

Undiagnosed

What are the symptoms associated with depression? For example, what happens one’s interest in activities there used to be pleasurable and levels of agitation when one is depressed.

• Depressed mood most of the time, significant challenges regulating appetite, weight and sleep, feeling listless, feeling worthless, feeling unwarranted guilt, problems in thinking/concentrating or making decisions, thinking repetitively of death and suicide.  

• Reduced interest in activities and physical agitation  

What is the number one reason that people seek mental health treatment (i.e., what disorder?) 

Depression

What is the difference between Down Syndrome

• a condition of mild to severe intellectual and physical severity caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 

• Apparent before age 18  

What is the difference Autism Spectrum Disorder? 

• Cognitive and social-emotional disorder that is marked by social deficiencies and repetitive behaviors  

• Boys diagnosed four times often than girls