Cell Bio Review Q's

Which second messenger binds to calcium channel on the ER, releasing calcium into the cytosol?

IP3

What second messenger is fat soluble and also cleaved by phospholipase C

DAG

What second messenger remains in the plasma membrane?

DAG

Which second messenger is synthesized from arginine and oxygen?

NO

What second messenger binds to protein kinase A?

cAMP

Gram positive or negative have teichoic acids

gram positive

Gram positive or gram negative have high lipopolysaccharide (LPS) content?

gram negative

cAMP is synthesized from ATP by

adenylyl cyclase

Apc: tumor suppressor or proto-oncogene?

tumor suppressor

Rb: tumor suppressor or proto-oncogene

tumor suppressor

myc protein: tumor suppressor or proto-oncogene

proto-oncogene

In C4 photosynthesis ___ enzyme is used for initial step of carbon fixation?

phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase

What is first stable product of carbon fixation process in C4 plants?

oxaloacetate (OAA)

In C4 plants, calvin cycle takes in

bundle sheath cells

In C4 plants, light dependent reactions take place in

mesophyll cells

4 major phospholipids are…

phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, sphingomyelin.

Outer leaflet of plasma membrane consists of mainly…

phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin

Inner leaflet of plasma membrane consists mainly of…

phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine

What is the glycocalyx

cell coat

What inhibits intrinsic pathway apoptosis

Bcl2 and BclXL

What promotes intrinsic pathway apoptosis

BAX and BAK

Parts of fungal cell wall

chitin, glucans, proteins

What does Ras gene code for?

Monomeric GTPases

Final electron acceptor in fermentation?

pyruvate

2 stages of pentose phosphate pathway

oxidative phase and non-oxidative phase

trans/cis golgi faces ER?

cis golgi

trans/cis golgi near the plasma membrane?

trans golgi

What regulatory protein is used to detedct changes in Ca ion concentration?

calmodulin

Calmodulin can bind to __ calcium ions

4

Extrinsic path of apoptosis has 2 paths…

TNF path and FAS path

Basic hallmarks of cancer…

sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, enabling replicative immortality, activating invasion and metastasis, inducing angiogenesis, resisting cell death

Average ph of lysosome

4\.5-5

Average ph of ER

7\.2

Average ph of nucleus

7\.2

Lipoprotein layer in gram negative bacteria does what

Links peptidoglycan to outer cell membrane

Lipopolysaccharide in gram negative bacteria consists of

O antigen and Lipid A (endotoxin)

Group of protein transcription factors that play a vital role in creation of induced pluripotent stem cells (aka Yamanaka factors)

Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc

Denaturation affects what structures…

secondary, tertiary, quaternary

vSNARES of the synaptic vesicle

synaptotagamin, synaptobrevin

tSNAREs of the synaptic vesicle

SNAP25, syntaxin

Which vSNARE is regulated by Ca+?

synaptotagmin

Explain one disadvantage of using Lineweaver Burk plot to model enzyme kinetics

lineweaver Burk plot is double reciprocal, so trend line is heavily influenced by data corresponding to low substrate concentrations.

Type of plot and inhibition

Lineweaver-burk plot, competitive

Type of plot and inhibition

Lineweaver-burk plot, uncompetitive

Type of plot and inhibition

Lineweaver-burk plot, noncompetitive

Type of plot?

Eadie Hoftstee Plot

In which type of inhibition does the inhibitor have the same affinity for both the enzyme and
enzyme-substrate complex?

noncompetitive

A set of 3 coordinated amino acids that can be found in active site of some enzymes. Most often found in hydrolase and transferase enzymes. Consist of acid-base-nucleophile.

catalytic triad

In SDS PAGE there are 2 gels

stacking gel and resolving gel

What 2 items sandwiches proteins together in SDS page?

glycine and chlorine

What
molecule tags proteins for recognition by the proteasome?

ubiquitin

Which non-metabolically-useful compound is formed when RuBisCo reacts with RuBP and O2
during photorespiration?

2-phosphoglycolate

Components of the endomembrane system?

nuclear envelope, lysosomes, vesicles, ER, Golgi apparatus, as well as the plasma membrane

molecule that disrupts oxidative phosphorylation in prokaryotes and mitochondria or photophosphorylation in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria by dissociating the reactions of ATP synthesis from the electron transport chain.

uncoupler

after activation of synaptotagmin by calcium, several SNARE complexes come together to form a ring structure, with synaptobrevin forming the pore in the vesicle membrane and Syntaxin forming the pore in the cell membrane

Protein lined fusion pore theory

What organelle releases Ca to act as a second messenger?

ER

what 2 organelles is Ca stored away in when the signalling is done?

mitochondria and ER

Protein that initiatives SNARE complexes with Ca2+

synaptotagmin

protein that forms vesicle pore

synaptobrevin

protein that forms cell pore

syntaxin

a thought experiment that theorized protein folding should take much longer than the times observed experimentally because proteins have a massive number of degrees of freedom/possible configurations

Lavinethal’s paradox

Transfers 2 phospholipids from each side to the opposite (no ATP)

scramblase

Phospholipid from cytosol to ETC face (uses ATP)

flippase

Phospholipid from ETC face to cytosol (uses ATP)

floppase

What molecule is CO2 fixed in C3 plants?

3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA)

What molecule is CO2 fixed in C4 plants?

oxaloacetate (OAA)

What molecule is CO2 fixed in CAM plants

malic acid

PIP2 is cleaved by phospholipase C into

DAG and IP3

what phospholipid can mark cells for apoptosis

phosphatidylserine

amino acids that usually get phosphorylated

serine, threonine, tyrosine

3 pathways of apoptosis

intrinsic, extrinsic, perforin/granzyme

irreversible condensation of chromatin in the nucleus of a cell undergoing necrosis or apoptosis

pyknosis

complete dissolution of the chromatin of a dying cell due to the enzymatic degradation by endonucleases

karyolysis

destructive fragmentation of the nucleus of a daily cell whereby its chromatin is distributed irregularly throughout the cytoplasm

karyorrhexis

types of fatty acid oxidation

alpha, beta, omega

Examples of CAM plants

pineapple, cactus

Examples of C4 plants

corn, sorghum, sugarcane, millet, switchgrass

Examples of C3 plants

Wheat, oats, rye, orchardgrass

Most common form of DNA is…

B form, right handed

Genes that encode transcription factors that control the expression of genes responsible for specific anatomical structures

homeotic genes

What scientist came up with the term “cell”?

Robert Hooke

Histones contain what amino acids

lysine and arginine

What converts cAMp to AMP?

phosphodiesterase

Spontaneous reactions have what

negative deltaG

What does Gq do?

Regulates PLC which increases IP3 and Ca

What does Gs do?

Activates Adenylyl cyclase and increases cAMP

What does Gi do?

Inactivates adenylyl cyclase and decreases cAMP

epithelial cells undergo as shift in character, becoming less adhesive and more migratory. Key part of the process is switching off expression of E cadherin gene

epithelial mesenchymal transition

Tumor suppressor. Function is in cell cell adhesion, binding epithelial cells together through adherens juctions.

E cadherin

Caused by inactivation of Apc tumor suppressor in colon

familial anomatous polyposis coli

Apc protein inhibits which pathway by binding to what protein

Wnt signaling pathway; beta catenin protein

Intracellular enzymes in liver that catalyze metabolic processes. Usually convert ingested toxins into harmless compounds but can sometimes generate highly mutagenic products

cytochrome P-450 oxidases

Cancer causing chemical present in col tar and tobacco smoke and fungal toxin aflatoxin B1

benzo\[a\]pyrene

Cause cancer by interfering with controls of cell cycle and apoptosis

DNA tumor viruses

1 example of DNA tumor viruses

papillomaviruses

Intermediate stage when affected patch of cervical epithelium is visibly disordered but cells have not yet begun to invade underlying connective tissue

intraepithelial neoplasia

sample of cervix is scraped off and viewed under microscope

Pap smear technique

Viral genes that are to blame in papillomaviruses

E6 and E7

Links cytoskeleton to matrix

cell matrix junctions

Anchorage sites for actin filaments. Connect cells together

adherens junction